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Related Concept Videos

Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction01:22

Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction

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Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...
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Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction01:15

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IntroductionAortic regurgitation is characterized by the backward flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole and arises from the improper closure of the aortic valve. This condition results in left ventricular volume overload and can stem from both acute and chronic etiologies, each contributing uniquely to the disease's progression and symptomatology.Acute and Chronic CausesAcute aortic regurgitation often results from events that suddenly impair the integrity of the...
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Aneurysm I: Introduction01:30

Aneurysm I: Introduction

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An aortic aneurysm is a localized outpouching or dilation at a weak point in the artery wall. It may involve different parts of the aorta, such as the abdominal aorta, aortic arch, or thoracic aorta.Etiological factorsSeveral disorders are associated with aortic aneurysms.Congenital causes, such as primary connective tissue disorders like Marfan syndrome, impact the integrity and strength of connective tissues, notably affecting the aorta. Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder that specifically...
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Aortic Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:22

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Aortic valve regurgitation (AR) occurs when the aortic valve fails to close properly, allowing blood to flow backward from the aorta into the left ventricle. This backflow can result in two distinct clinical presentations: acute and chronic AR, each characterized by its own set of symptoms and physical findings.Acute Aortic RegurgitationAcute AR presents with a sudden onset of severe symptoms. Patients typically experience profound dyspnea (shortness of breath), chest pain, and signs of left...
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Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): An Overview with Scientific InsightsCoronary Artery Disease (CAD), often referred to as C-A-D, is a prevalent blood vessel disorder classified under the broader category of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a pathological process characterized by the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques are composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, inflammatory cells, calcium, and fibrin, reducing blood flow to...
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Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis01:30

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

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Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
There are various classifications for PH, each relating to different underlying causes and also...
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A Rabbit Aortic Valve Stenosis Model Induced by Direct Balloon Injury
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Genetic and Developmental Contributors to Aortic Stenosis.

Punashi Dutta1,2, Jeanne F James1,2, Hail Kazik1,3

  • 1The Herma Heart Institute, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI (P.D., J.F.J., H.K., J.L.).

Circulation Research
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PubMed
Summary

Aortic stenosis (AS) is a common valve disease causing left ventricular outflow obstruction. Understanding its congenital and degenerative causes is crucial for developing new treatments beyond valve replacement.

Keywords:
aortic valvebicuspid aortic valve diseaseendothelial cellsextracellular matrix

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Valvular Heart Disease
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Aortic stenosis (AS) is a prevalent valvular heart disease impacting patient survival.
  • It involves left ventricular outflow obstruction due to congenital or acquired lesions.
  • Bicuspid aortic valve and degenerative calcification are key causes in younger and adult patients, respectively.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding of aortic stenosis causes.
  • To explore developmental origins of congenital AS.
  • To elucidate the multifactorial nature of adult degenerative AS.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of aortic stenosis etiology.
  • Analysis of congenital and acquired AS pathogenesis.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on valve disease progression.

Main Results:

  • AS presents as subvalvar, valvar, or supravalvar obstruction.
  • Bicuspid aortic valve leads to early AS via anatomic narrowing and calcification.
  • Degenerative AS in adults results from calcification of tricuspid valves due to risk factors and wear-and-tear.

Conclusions:

  • Aortic valve replacement is standard for severe symptomatic AS, but carries risks and costs.
  • Management of asymptomatic AS remains debated.
  • Novel approaches are needed to prevent AS progression, particularly valvar lesions.