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Related Concept Videos

The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR01:23

The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR

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CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats is a adaptive immune system found in bacteria and archaea that protects against viral infections. This system enables prokaryotic cells to identify, remember, and neutralize foreign genetic elements, primarily bacteriophages, by storing fragments of the invader’s DNA as a genetic memory.The CRISPR immune response begins during an initial infection. Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins play a central role in this...
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CRISPR and crRNAs02:53

CRISPR and crRNAs

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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
The CRISPR-Cas system stores a copy of foreign DNA in the host genome and uses it to identify the foreign DNA upon reinfection. CRISPR-Cas has three different...
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CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing01:28

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

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The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
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CRISPR01:59

CRISPR

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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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Homologous Recombination02:31

Homologous Recombination

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The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 7, 2025

DNA Virus Detection System Based on RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a-SPM and Deep Learning
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Detect and destroy: CRISPR-based technologies for the response against viruses.

Catherine A Freije1, Pardis C Sabeti2

  • 1Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Ph.D. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Cell Host & Microbe
|April 29, 2021
PubMed
Summary

CRISPR-Cas systems offer programmable solutions for detecting viral nucleic acids and inhibiting viral replication, addressing critical gaps in infectious disease diagnostics and therapeutics. Technologies utilizing Cas12 and Cas13 have accelerated development, particularly in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Keywords:
CRISPRCRISPR-based antiviralsCRISPR-based detectionclass 2 Cas proteinsviral diagnosticsviruses

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biotechnology
  • Infectious Disease Research

Background:

  • Significant gaps exist in diagnostic and therapeutic technologies for viral outbreaks, including the recent global pandemic.
  • CRISPR-Cas systems, originally bacterial immune mechanisms, present programmable, sequence-specific tools for biotechnology applications.
  • The need for rapid and effective antiviral strategies is paramount.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the application of CRISPR-Cas systems for viral diagnostics and therapies.
  • To highlight the potential of DNA-targeting Cas12 and RNA-targeting Cas13 systems.
  • To discuss technologies accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on CRISPR-Cas systems in viral disease.
  • Focus on Cas12 and Cas13 enzymes and their trans-cleavage activity.
  • Analysis of technological advancements in viral detection and inhibition.

Main Results:

  • CRISPR-Cas systems enable programmable, sequence-specific detection of viral nucleic acids.
  • CRISPR-Cas systems can be engineered to inhibit viral replication.
  • Cas12 and Cas13, with their trans-cleavage properties, are key players in these advancements.
  • Numerous CRISPR-based diagnostic and therapeutic technologies have been developed, especially post-COVID-19.

Conclusions:

  • CRISPR-Cas systems, particularly Cas12 and Cas13, are powerful tools for combating infectious diseases.
  • These systems offer innovative solutions for both viral diagnostics and therapeutics.
  • Ongoing research and development are rapidly advancing CRISPR-based antiviral strategies.