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Related Concept Videos

Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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Updated: Nov 7, 2025

Measuring Mitochondrial Electron Transfer Complexes in Previously Frozen Cardiac Tissue from the Offspring of Sow: A Model to Assess Exercise-Induced Mitochondrial Bioenergetics Changes
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Mitochondria and the Frozen Frog.

Janet M Storey1, Shaobo Wu2, Kenneth B Storey1

  • 1Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
|April 30, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Wood frogs survive freezing by producing cryoprotectants and managing metabolic pathways. Mitochondria adapt to freezing stress, with key genes up-regulated by anoxia to support cellular energy during prolonged cold exposure.

Keywords:
ATP 6/8ND4Rana sylvaticaanoxiaantioxidant defensesdehydrationfreezing survivalmitochondrial genes

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Area of Science:

  • * Amphibian physiology
  • * Cellular biology
  • * Cryobiology

Background:

  • * Wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) are known for surviving whole-body freezing.
  • * They tolerate freezing of 65-70% of body water via adaptations like cryoprotectant production and metabolic adjustments.
  • * Freezing impacts all cellular components, including mitochondria, necessitating specific protective strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To investigate mitochondrial adaptations in wood frogs during whole-body freezing.
  • * To identify consequences of freezing on mitochondria and the defenses employed.
  • * To understand the role of mitochondria-encoded genes in freeze tolerance.

Main Methods:

  • * Analysis of mitochondrial responses to freezing stress, including anoxia, ischemia, and cell volume reduction.
  • * Examination of cryoprotective mechanisms such as antioxidants and chaperone proteins.
  • * Focus on the expression of freeze-responsive genes encoded on the mitochondrial genome (e.g., ATP6/8, ND4, 16S RNA).

Main Results:

  • * Mitochondria exhibit adaptations to manage freezing consequences like anoxia and cell volume reduction.
  • * Upregulation of mitochondria-encoded genes (ATP6/8, ND4, 16S RNA) was observed in liver and brain during freezing.
  • * Gene upregulation was strongly correlated with anoxia but not dehydration, suggesting oxygen decline as a trigger.

Conclusions:

  • * Mitochondria possess adaptive strategies to survive prolonged freezing.
  • * Freeze-responsive upregulation of mitochondria-encoded genes is likely triggered by anoxia.
  • * This upregulation plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular energetics during extended periods of whole-body freezing.