Proteomics Profiling of the Urine of Patients with Hyperthyroidism after Anti-Thyroid Treatment

Hyperthyroidism, which is characterized by increased circulating thyroid hormone levels, alters the body's metabolic and systemic hemodynamic balance and directly influences renal function. In this study, the urinary proteome of patients with hyperthyroidism was characterized using an untargeted proteomic approach with network analysis. Urine samples were collected from nine age-matched patients before and after carbimazole treatment. Differences in the abundance of urinary proteins between hyperthyroid and euthyroid states were determined using a 2D-DIGE coupled to MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Alterations in the abundance of urinary proteins, analyzed via Progenesis software, revealed a statistically significant difference in abundance in a total of 40 spots corresponding to 32 proteins, 25 up and 7 down (≥1.5-fold change, ANOVA, p ≤ 0.05). The proteins identified in the study are known to regulate processes associated with cellular metabolism, transport, and acute phase response. The notable upregulated urinary proteins were serotransferrin, transthyretin, serum albumin, ceruloplasmin, alpha-1B-glycoprotein, syntenin-1, and glutaminyl peptide cyclotransferase, whereas the three notable downregulated proteins were plasma kallikrein, protein glutamine gamma-glutamyl transferase, and serpin B3 (SERPINB3). Bioinformatic analysis using ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) identified the dysregulation of pathways associated with cellular compromise, inflammatory response, cellular assembly, and organization and identified the involvement of the APP and AKT signaling pathways via their interactions with interleukins as the central nodes.