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Heart Valves

Heart Valves

The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.
The AV valves prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during ventricular contraction. These valves function with the assistance of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. When the ventricles are relaxed, the chordae tendineae are slack, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the...

Structure of Cardiac Muscles

Structure of Cardiac Muscles

Cardiac muscle, or myocardium, is a specialized type of muscle found exclusively in the heart. Its unique structural and functional characteristics enable the heart to perform its vital role of pumping blood throughout the body continuously and rhythmically. The cardiac muscle cells, or cardiomyocytes, possess an endomysium and perimysium but do not have an epimysium.
Compared to skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle cells are small and mostly have a single nucleus. Additionally, they are usually...

Anatomy of the Heart

Anatomy of the Heart

The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 7, 2025

Designing a Bioreactor to Improve Data Acquisition and Model Throughput of Engineered Cardiac Tissues

Designing a Bioreactor to Improve Data Acquisition and Model Throughput of Engineered Cardiac Tissues

Published on: June 2, 2023

Recapitulating Cardiac Structure and Function In Vitro from Simple to Complex Engineering.

Ana Rita M P Santos¹, Yongjun Jang¹, Inwoo Son¹

¹BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.

|April 30, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Cardiac tissue engineering creates functional heart tissue in vitro using advanced cell and biomaterial technologies. Understanding these complex engineering techniques is crucial for developing viable cardiac tissue replacements.

Keywords:

cardiac tissue engineering cardiomyocyte computational modeling extracellular matrix geometry human pluripotent stem cell maturation

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Construction of Defined Human Engineered Cardiac Tissues to Study Mechanisms of Cardiac Cell Therapy

Construction of Defined Human Engineered Cardiac Tissues to Study Mechanisms of Cardiac Cell Therapy

Published on: March 1, 2016

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Regenerative Medicine
Cardiovascular Research

Background:

The heart's complexity necessitates advanced in vitro models for studying development and regeneration.
Current cardiac tissue engineering integrates cells, biomaterials, and fabrication for in vivo-like environments.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in cardiac tissue engineering techniques.
To discuss the integration of technologies for fabricating mature, functional cardiac tissue.
To highlight the importance of understanding multiscale interactions in cardiac tissue engineering.

Main Methods:

Review of engineering techniques for cardiac tissue fabrication.
Discussion of advancements in cardiomyocytes, extracellular matrix, and geometry.
Exploration of computational modeling in cardiac tissue engineering.

Main Results:

Progress in fabricating increasingly complex cardiac tissues in vitro.
Identification of key technological components: cells, biomaterials, fabrication, and modeling.
Emphasis on the multiscale nature of cardiac systems.

Conclusions:

Integrated engineering approaches are advancing cardiac tissue fabrication.
Further understanding of technique interactions is vital for functional cardiac tissue development.
This field holds promise for cardiac regeneration and disease modeling.