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Related Concept Videos

Hematopoiesis01:21

Hematopoiesis

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The process of blood cell formation is called hematopoiesis. Hematopoiesis starts early during development, on the seventh day of embryogenesis. This phase of hematopoiesis is called the primitive wave, wherein the extraembryonic yolk sac allows the production of erythroid cells and endothelial cells from a common precursor called hemangioblast. The erythroid cells provide oxygen to support the growth of the rapidly dividing embryo. Hemangioblasts later develop into hematopoietic stem cells or...
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Overview of Hematopoiesis01:20

Overview of Hematopoiesis

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Hematopoiesis, or blood cell production, is a vital biological process that begins early in embryonic development and continues throughout life. This process generates the various types of cells found in blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).
Developmental Phases of Hematopoiesis
Initially, HSCs are formed in the embryonic yolk sac, a critical site for early blood cell production. These stem cells subsequently migrate to other...
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Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:01

Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

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All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
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Role of Hematopoietic Growth Factors01:28

Role of Hematopoietic Growth Factors

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Hematopoietic growth factors are molecules that regulate the differentiation rate of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Erythropoietin (EPO), primarily produced by the kidneys, plays a crucial role in erythrocyte production. When oxygen levels in the blood are low, EPO is released into the bloodstream, reaching the bone marrow, where it stimulates HSCs to differentiate and mature into erythrocytes, which are vital for oxygen transport.
Thrombopoietin (TPO), mainly released by the liver,...
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Production of Formed Elements01:34

Production of Formed Elements

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Hemangioblasts are multipotent stem cells originating from the mesoderm. They give rise to hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which undergo hematopoiesis to produce all the formed elements of blood. This process is regulated by a complex network of hematopoietic growth factors, including transcription factors, growth factors, and cytokines. These factors stimulate the HSCs to divide and differentiate, though some HSCs remain undifferentiated to maintain a self-renewing pool.
Most HSCs commit to...
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Lineage Commitment01:21

Lineage Commitment

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Commitment is the  process whereby stem cells:
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Updated: Nov 7, 2025

Ex vivo Mimicry of Normal and Abnormal Human Hematopoiesis
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Ex vivo Mimicry of Normal and Abnormal Human Hematopoiesis

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NKL-Code in Normal and Aberrant Hematopoiesis.

Stefan Nagel1

  • 1Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines, Leibniz-Institute DSMZ, German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstr. 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.

Cancers
|April 30, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

NKL homeobox genes, forming the NKL-code, are crucial for normal blood cell development. Aberrant expression of these genes contributes to hematologic cancers, highlighting their oncogenic potential.

Keywords:
NKLT-ALLhomeoboxoncogene

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Hematology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • NKL homeobox genes play critical roles in cellular differentiation.
  • Physiological expression patterns of NKL genes in hematopoiesis have been recently characterized.
  • The NKL-code, comprising eleven specific genes, has been systematized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of the NKL-code in normal hematopoiesis.
  • To examine mechanisms of NKL gene deregulation in hematologic cancers.
  • To illustrate the oncogenic functions of selected NKL genes in hematologic malignancies.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of physiological expression patterns of NKL homeobox genes.
  • Systematization of differential gene expression patterns (NKL-code).
  • Review of published clinical studies and experimental work using hematopoietic cell lines.

Main Results:

  • NKL homeobox genes are vital for normal hematopoietic differentiation.
  • Aberrant overexpression or ectopic activation of NKL genes is linked to lymphoid and myeloid leukemias/lymphomas.
  • NKL genes demonstrate oncogenic potential in the hematopoietic system.

Conclusions:

  • The NKL-code is integral to normal blood cell development.
  • Dysregulation of NKL genes contributes to the pathogenesis of hematologic cancers.
  • Hematopoietic cell lines serve as valuable models for studying NKL gene roles in tumorigenesis.