Observations on Refractive Status and Risk Factors for Visual Impairment in Children with Disabilities

Vision integrates all the senses and plays a fundamental role in the acquisition of different skills and the general development of a child. Recently, refractive errors and visual impairment have become serious health problems among children. Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of refractive errors and visual impairment in children with disabilities. Moreover, this study aimed to explore the risk factors for visual impairment in children with respect to vitamin D levels, parental smoking, and the use of spectacles. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 161 children aged 5-16 years old, divided into two groups: a group of 80 children with disabilities and a control group consisting of 81 clinically healthy children. All the children underwent refraction measurements, visual acuity testing, and plasmatic vitamin D level dosing, measured in ng/mL. Results: Refractive errors and visual impairment were found to have a higher prevalence in the group of children with disabilities than in the control group. Moreover, the plasma level of vitamin D was lower in the group of children with special health needs. Conclusions: Given the present results, children with disabilities should undergo special eye examinations as soon as possible to ensure the quality of their socio-academic lives.