Skull development during anuran metamorphosis: III. Role of thyroid hormone in chondrogenesis

Metamorphosis of cranial cartilages in anuran amphibians constitutes one of the most dramatic and extensive ontogenetic transformations in vertebrates. We quantitatively examined the role of thyroid hormone (3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine; T3) in mediating gross aspects of this morphological repatterning in the skull of the Oriental fire-bellied toad, Bombina orientalis. T3 was administered via plastic (Elvax) micropellets in three treatment dosages (2.5, 0.25, and 0.025 microgram) and one control dosage (0 microgram) to tadpoles of three Gosner developmental stages--28/29, 30/31, and 32/33; tadpoles were recoved up to 8 d (treatment and control dosages) or 14 d (control dosage) later. Response of larval cartilages to exogenous T3 was dosage dependent but not implant-stage dependent; chondrogenic tissues that participate in metamorphic transformation are competent to respond to T3 well before they normally do. Metamorphic effects of T3 were visible within 2 d; in most treatment groups, the normal metamorphic sequence was two-thirds complete after 8 d. While T3 also induced precocious ossification, the normal temporal relation between bone formation and cartilage transformation was dissociated in experimental groups. Morphological integration between cartilage and bone during cranial metamorphosis is at least partly the result of each tissue responding independently to endocrine factors.