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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the...
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S-Nitrosylation in Tumor Microenvironment.

Vandana Sharma1, Veani Fernando1, Joshua Letson1

  • 1Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Ave., Toledo, OH 43614, USA.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|April 30, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

S-nitrosylation, a modification by nitric oxide (NO), impacts protein function and cellular signaling. This review explores its role in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and potential cancer therapies.

Keywords:
ECMNONOSS-nitrosylationcancer therapeuticsmicrobiomemicroenvironmenttumor-associated immune cells

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cancer Biology

Background:

  • S-nitrosylation is a reversible post-translational modification of protein thiols by nitric oxide (NO).
  • It modulates protein conformation, activity, stability, and interactions, propagating NO signals.
  • S-nitrosylation influences both tumor suppression and promotion, impacting cancer progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the effects of S-nitrosylation on cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME).
  • To discuss the context-dependent outcomes of S-nitrosylation in the TME.
  • To explore therapeutic strategies targeting S-nitrosylation in cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of S-nitrosylation in cancer biology.
  • Analysis of S-nitrosylation's role in tumor microenvironment regulation.
  • Examination of therapeutic interventions modulating S-nitrosylation.

Main Results:

  • S-nitrosylation is a key regulator of the TME.
  • Its effects on TME cells are diverse and context-dependent.
  • Modulating S-nitrosylation shows therapeutic potential in cancer treatment.

Conclusions:

  • S-nitrosylation significantly impacts the TME and cancer pathogenesis.
  • Targeting S-nitrosylation offers promising avenues for cancer therapy.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate context-dependent effects for optimized treatment.