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The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 7, 2025

Holistic Facial Composite Creation and Subsequent Video Line-up Eyewitness Identification Paradigm
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Understanding the document bias in face matching.

Xinran Feng1, A Mike Burton1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of York, York, UK.

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (2006)
|April 30, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Embedding faces in cards, even blank ones with text, increases "same person" responses. This face-matching bias is influenced by card context and readable text, not just ID expectations.

Keywords:
Face matchingbias effectsunfamiliar faces

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Forensic Science
  • Human Factors

Background:

  • Face matching is crucial for security and identification.
  • Laboratory studies typically present faces in isolation, differing from real-world ID checks.
  • Embedding faces in identity documents induces a bias towards "same person" judgments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the factors contributing to the face-matching bias observed with identity documents.
  • Differentiate between bias caused by ID expectations versus textual interference.
  • Determine the role of card format and text content in the bias.

Main Methods:

  • Participants judged same/different for face pairs presented in various formats (isolated, on cards, with text).
  • Experiments manipulated card presence, text readability, and text type (biographical vs. arbitrary).
  • Compared "same person" response rates across different experimental conditions.

Main Results:

  • The face-matching bias occurred even with blank cards containing basic personal information.
  • The bias was absent when information was presented textually without a card.
  • Unreadable text did not induce the bias, but arbitrary words on cards did.
  • The effect appears to stem from a combination of factors related to the card format and readable text.

Conclusions:

  • The bias in face matching associated with identity documents is complex.
  • It is influenced by the presentation format (card embedding) and the presence of readable, even arbitrary, text.
  • These factors interact, contributing to the observed bias in photo-ID contexts.