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Related Concept Videos

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder01:28

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental health condition characterized by recurrent obsessions, compulsions, or both, which consume significant time and interfere with daily functioning. Obsessions involve persistent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts, images, or urges that evoke anxiety. Common examples include irrational fears of contamination or harm. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce the anxiety caused by obsessions. For instance, individuals...
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Personality Disorders: Dependent and Obsessive-Compulsive01:24

Personality Disorders: Dependent and Obsessive-Compulsive

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Dependent personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder are two separate psychological conditions that influence behavior, relationships, and overall life functioning. Though both involve maladaptive behaviors, their core characteristics and motivations differ significantly.
 Dependent Personality Disorder
Dependent personality disorder is characterized by an excessive reliance on others to manage various aspects of life. Individuals with this disorder often struggle...
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Introspection01:29

Introspection

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Introspection, long upheld as a reliable route to self-knowledge, involves examining one's thoughts, emotions, and mental processes. It underpins many psychological practices, from mindfulness meditation to psychotherapy and self-help strategies. However, empirical evidence challenges the accuracy of introspection as a means of understanding oneself.Limitations of Introspective InsightSeminal work by Nisbett and Wilson demonstrated that individuals are frequently unaware of the true causes...
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Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

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Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
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Anxiety: Overview01:18

Anxiety: Overview

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Anxiety is a common mental disorder featuring excessive worry, fear, and apprehension, significantly affecting daily life. People with anxiety disorders experience persistent and intense anxiety, interrupting their everyday functioning.
Individuals with anxiety often experience a range of physical and emotional symptoms, including sweating, trembling, tachycardia, and disturbances in sleep patterns. These symptoms vary in intensity and frequency but are generally disruptive and distressing.
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Self-Discrepancy Theory02:45

Self-Discrepancy Theory

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One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.  
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 7, 2025

Exploring the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Task-based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
09:14

Exploring the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Task-based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: March 14, 2025

534

Executive functions and insight in OCD: a comparative study.

Lucas Manarte1, António R Andrade2, Linete do Rosário3

  • 1Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal. manarte@campus.ul.pt.

BMC Psychiatry
|April 30, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder patients with poor insight show distinct neurocognitive profiles, particularly in executive functions. This highlights the need for targeted research and treatment strategies for this resistant patient group.

Keywords:
Executive functionsInsightObsessive-compulsive disorderTrail-making testVerbal memoryWisconsin card sorting Test

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Approximately 25-30% of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) exhibit treatment resistance.
  • Poor insight is increasingly recognized as a factor contributing to therapeutic resistance in OCD.
  • Limited research exists on the specific neuropsychological and cognitive characteristics of OCD patients with poor insight.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neuropsychological and cognitive differences between OCD patients with good versus poor insight.
  • To identify specific cognitive deficits associated with poor insight in OCD.
  • To inform the development of targeted interventions for treatment-resistant OCD.

Main Methods:

  • Fifty-seven OCD patients were categorized into good and poor insight groups.
  • Neuropsychological functions were assessed using Rey's figure test, California verbal learning test, Toulouse-Piéron test, and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST).
  • Results were compared against a matched control group.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences were observed in executive function tests between the insight groups.
  • The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) showed a strong distinction (p ≤ 0.001).
  • The Trail-Making Test (TMT A/B) also revealed significant differences (p = 0.002).

Conclusions:

  • OCD patients with poor insight possess a distinct neuropsychological profile compared to those with good insight.
  • Executive functions play a crucial role in the manifestation of insight in OCD.
  • Further neurocognitive research and tailored treatment approaches are essential for improving outcomes in poor-insight OCD.