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Radical Autoxidation

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The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...
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In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
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Updated: Nov 7, 2025

A Protocol for Detecting and Scavenging Gas-phase Free Radicals in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke
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Antioxidants in smokers.

Emanuela Astori1, Maria L Garavaglia1, Graziano Colombo1

  • 1Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133Milan, Italy.

Nutrition Research Reviews
|April 30, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Smokers experience increased oxidative stress. An antioxidant-rich diet, not supplements, is a cost-effective strategy to mitigate cigarette smoke-related health risks and improve smoker health.

Keywords:
Antioxidant-rich dietCigarette smokeInflammationOxidative stressPreventive strategiesSmoking-related diseases

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Nutritional Science
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Cigarette smoke (CS) is a leading preventable cause of global morbidity and mortality.
  • CS induces systemic oxidative stress and inflammation, reflected in smokers' biomarker profiles.
  • Preventative strategies are needed to address CS-related health impacts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the antioxidant plasma profile in smokers.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of antioxidant supplements versus diet for smokers.
  • To discuss preventative health strategies for smokers.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on smokers' antioxidant status.
  • Analysis of research on antioxidant supplements and diet interventions.
  • Examination of biomarkers for oxidative stress and inflammation.

Main Results:

  • Smokers exhibit altered plasma antioxidant levels.
  • Antioxidant-rich diets show greater health benefits for smokers than supplements.
  • Natural food matrices enhance antioxidant efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • An antioxidant-rich diet is a practical, cost-effective method to reduce CS-related disease risk.
  • Dietary antioxidants, consumed within whole foods, are more effective than isolated supplements.
  • Promoting antioxidant-rich diets can support smoker health and longevity.