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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Translocation and Protein Secretion01:26

Bacterial Translocation and Protein Secretion

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Bacterial protein secretion involves translocation systems to ensure proteins reach their designated locations, including the plasma membrane, periplasm, outer membrane, or the external environment. These translocation systems are vital for bacterial physiology, supporting processes like membrane assembly, enzymatic activity in the periplasm, and interactions with the external environment. The division of labor between Sec and Tat pathways ensures efficiency in handling proteins with diverse...
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Cotranslational Protein Translocation01:20

Cotranslational Protein Translocation

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Translocation of proteins across membranes is an ancient process that occurs even in bacteria and archaebacteria. In fact, the components of the translocation machinery are still conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Sec61 channel partners for cotranslational translocation
During cotranslational translocation, the Sec61 channel partners with the signal recognition particle (SRP), the signal recognition particle receptor (SR), and the ribosomes to transport the nascent polypeptide chain...
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Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER01:27

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A sizable fraction of proteins destined for ER are first synthesized in the cell cytosol and then transported across the ER membrane–a process called post-translational translocation. Similar to cotranslationally translocated proteins, these proteins also use the Sec translocon complex to enter the ER lumen.
Targeting proteins to the ER
Hsp40 and Hsp70 chaperone molecules bind the translated proteins in the cytosol to prevent their folding. The chaperone binding helps to keep the signal...
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Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane01:28

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The translocon complex situated on the ER membrane is the main gateway for the protein secretory pathway. It facilitates the transport of nascent peptides into the ER lumen and their insertion into the ER membrane.
Sec61 protein conducting channel
In eukaryotes, the translocon complex comprises a core heterotrimeric translocator channel called the Sec61 complex. This channel includes three transmembrane proteins, Sec61α, Sec61β, and Sec61γ, and is the largest subunit of the...
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Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport01:45

Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport

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Eukaryotic cells have different membrane-bound organelles with distinct protein requirements. The process by which proteins are targeted to a specific organelle is called protein sorting.
Protein sorting can be of two types: signal-based sorting and vesicle-based trafficking. In signal-based sorting, specific amino acid sequences called sorting signals target proteins to the proper location inside the cell either via gated transport or by protein translocation.  In gated transport, folded...
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Protein Transport to the Thylakoids01:22

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Thylakoids are membrane-bound sac-like structures within the chloroplast that serve as sites for photosynthesis. Thylakoid lumen contains many electron transport proteins and is enclosed by a thylakoid membrane rich in the light-harvesting complex. Proteins targeted to the thylakoids are transported as precursors and are sorted by the general TOC/TIC import pathway. Once the precursor reaches the stroma, stromal processing peptidases remove their transit signal and expose thylakoid signal...
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Isolation of Physiologically Active Thylakoids and Their Use in Energy-Dependent Protein Transport Assays
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How Quality Control Systems AID Sec-Dependent Protein Translocation.

Chen Jiang1, Max Wynne1, Damon Huber1

  • 1School of Biosciences and the Institute for Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.

Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences
|April 30, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Bacteria prevent protein misfolding during transport using the AID system: avoidance, inhibition, and destruction. This ensures proper protein translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane, preventing jams.

Keywords:
Secmolecular chaperonesproteasesprotein targetingprotein translocationquality control

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The Sec machinery is essential for protein transport across the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane.
  • Protein substrates must remain unfolded for successful translocation.
  • Premature folding or misfolding of Sec substrates in the cytoplasm can lead to irreversible trapping and inhibit the Sec machinery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the bacterial quality control mechanisms that prevent cytoplasmic folding of Sec substrate proteins.
  • To describe the three branches of the protein translocation quality control network, termed AID (Avoidance, Inhibition, Destruction).

Main Methods:

  • The study conceptually defines and categorizes known bacterial protein quality control mechanisms.
  • It reviews existing literature on protein translocation, cytoplasmic folding, and bacterial stress responses.

Main Results:

  • Bacteria employ a multi-pronged quality control strategy, the AID system, to ensure Sec substrates remain unfolded.
  • Avoidance involves cotranslational targeting of substrates to the Sec machinery.
  • Inhibition uses chaperones and posttranslational modifications, while Destruction removes problematic proteins.

Conclusions:

  • The AID system is crucial for maintaining efficient protein translocation and preventing the jamming of the Sec machinery.
  • Stress response pathways complement AID by restoring homeostasis under adverse conditions.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is vital for comprehending bacterial protein export and cellular health.