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The human nervous system handles vast amounts of information by translating sensory stimuli into neural impulses, which the brain processes, creating thoughts expressed through language or stored as memories. The brain also synthesizes information from emotions and memories, which significantly influence thoughts and behaviors. This intricate process creates a comprehensive mental picture.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 7, 2025

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Using concept typicality to explore semantic representation and control in healthy ageing.

Mara Alves1, Patrícia Figueiredo2, Magda Sofia Roberto3

  • 1Faculdade de Psicologia, Research Center for Psychological Science, Universidade de Lisboa, Alameda da Universidade, 1649-013, Lisboa, Portugal. mlalves@psicologia.ulisboa.pt.

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|April 30, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Older adults demonstrate superior categorization of atypical concepts, suggesting enriched conceptual knowledge compensates for age-related declines in semantic control. This finding highlights how accumulated knowledge aids in retrieving relevant features for complex categorization tasks.

Keywords:
AgeingCategorizationSemantic cognitionTypicality

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • Conceptual knowledge use involves semantic representations and control processes.
  • Impaired categorization of atypical concepts is linked to depleted representations (semantic dementia) or disrupted control (semantic aphasia).
  • The impact of knowledge accumulation and control decay in healthy aging on categorization remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how knowledge accumulation and semantic control decay in healthy aging affect categorization.
  • To compare categorization performance of young and older adults on items varying in concept typicality.

Main Methods:

  • A categorization task was administered to young and older adults.
  • Items varied in concept typicality and familiarity.
  • Performance was analyzed based on age group and item typicality/familiarity.

Main Results:

  • Older adults were more accurate in categorizing atypical concepts than younger adults.
  • Older adults outperformed younger adults on categorizing atypical concepts that were less familiar.
  • Age-related decline in semantic control did not significantly impair atypical item categorization.

Conclusions:

  • Older adults possess enriched conceptual knowledge compared to younger adults.
  • This enhanced knowledge base supports the retrieval of category-related features for atypical and less familiar exemplars.
  • Ageing may lead to compensatory mechanisms in conceptual knowledge use, rather than solely deficits.