Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 22, 2026
10:32
Design, Surface Treatment, Cellular Plating, and Culturing of Modular Neuronal Networks Composed of Functionally Inter-connected Circuits
Published on: April 15, 2015
8.7K
Forty Four Years With Baruch Kanner and The Chloride Ion
1Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8066, USA. gary.rudnick@yale.edu.
Neurochemical Research
|April 30, 2021
Summary
This commentary explores the parallel careers of researchers investigating neurotransmitter transporters, focusing on the Neurotransmitter: Sodium Symporter (NSS) family. It highlights their collaborations and competition, particularly regarding chloride ion mechanisms in transporter activation and transport.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Biochemistry
- Molecular Biology
Background:
- Investigating neurotransmitter transporters, particularly the Neurotransmitter: Sodium Symporter (NSS) family, which handles amino acid and amine transport.
- Parallel research careers of Baruch Kanner and the author, marked by collaboration, competition, and mutual learning.
Discussion:
- Elaboration on the interactions between the Kanner and Rudnick laboratories.
- Focus on the critical role of chloride ions in activating and driving transport mechanisms within NSS transporters.
Key Insights:
- Understanding the complex interplay between chloride ions and NSS transporter function.
- Insights into the collaborative and competitive dynamics that advance scientific understanding.
Outlook:
- Further exploration of chloride ion's precise role in NSS transporter gating and translocation.
- Potential for new therapeutic strategies targeting NSS transporters based on mechanistic insights.
Related Concept Videos
02:42Ionic Crystal Structures
Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
03:11Precipitation of Ions
Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:
02:45Alkyl Halides
Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
01:15Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene
Chlorination and bromination are important classes of electrophilic aromatic substitutions, where benzene reacts with chlorine or bromine in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst to give halogenated substitution products. A Lewis acid such as aluminium chloride or ferric chloride catalyzes the chlorination, and ferric bromide catalyzes the bromination reactions. During the bromination of alkenes, bromine polarizes and becomes electrophilic. However, in the bromination of benzene, the bromine...
01:28Ionic Association
The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.
01:29Kohlraush’s Law and its Applications
Kohlrausch's law explains that at infinite dilution, where dissociation is complete, each ion's contribution to the conductivity of the electrolyte is independent of the nature of other ions present in the solution. It also implies that when an electrolyte is highly diluted, the conductance of the electrolyte is the sum of the individual conductances of the ions it generates upon dissociation. The quantity of electricity an ion carries is proportional to its molar ionic conductance, which...