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Related Concept Videos

Physiology of Enteric Nervous System and Gut Health01:05

Physiology of Enteric Nervous System and Gut Health

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The gastrointestinal tract, responsible for the digestion and absorption of nutrients, is safeguarded by the intestinal barrier, which consists of secretory, physical, and immune components. At the forefront is the secretory barrier, composed of essential elements such as mucus, gut microbiota, and defense proteins. They collaborate to break down food particles, facilitate nutrient absorption, and maintain optimal gut health. These secretory components ensure the smooth functioning of the...
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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
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Neurotransmitters

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Neurotransmitters are essential chemical messengers within the nervous system, facilitating the communication between neurons. These chemical messengers, varying in function and effect, are critical for sustaining various aspects of neurological health and emotional well-being.
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is characterized by functional disturbances in the gastrointestinal system, presenting a cluster of symptoms without evident structural or biochemical abnormalities. It primarily affects the large intestine and may cause abdominal pain, bloating, excessive gas, diarrhea, constipation, or both.
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The human body contains a monogastric digestive system. In a monogastric digestive system, the stomach only contains one chamber in which it digests food. Several other animal species also have monogastric digestive systems, including pigs, horses, dogs, and birds. This chapter, however, focuses on the human digestive system.
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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 7, 2025

A Gut-on-a-Chip Model to Study the Gut Microbiome-Nervous System Axis
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SnapShot: The microbiota-gut-brain axis.

Gulistan Agirman1, Elaine Y Hsiao1

  • 1Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.

Cell
|April 30, 2021
PubMed
Summary

The gut microbiome influences brain development and function through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. This bidirectional communication impacts host health across multiple systems.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Animals host diverse microorganisms forming the microbiome.
  • The microbiome modulates host gastrointestinal, immune, metabolic, and behavioral functions.
  • Host-microbial interactions are crucial for physiological regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of the microbiota-gut-brain axis.
  • To explain the neurodevelopmental influence of host-microbial interactions.
  • To detail the functional impact of the gut microbiome on the central nervous system.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of host-microbial interactions.
  • Analysis of bidirectional communication pathways.
  • Synthesis of current research on the microbiota-gut-brain axis.

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Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 7, 2025

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Intracerebroventricular Delivery of Gut-Derived Microbial Metabolites in Freely Moving Mice
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Main Results:

  • The microbiota-gut-brain axis involves complex bidirectional communication.
  • Microbial metabolites and signals influence neurodevelopment.
  • Gut microbiome composition affects central nervous system functions.

Conclusions:

  • Host-microbial interactions are integral to neurodevelopment.
  • The microbiota-gut-brain axis is a critical area for understanding host health.
  • Further research into this axis holds therapeutic potential.