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The phylum Tenericutes, which includes the single class Mollicutes, comprises bacteria that lack cell walls. The term "Mollicutes" derives from the Latin word mollis, meaning "soft." These organisms are among the smallest known and are commonly referred to as mycoplasmas due to the prominence of the genus Mycoplasma, which includes well-known human pathogens. Despite their inability to stain gram-positively (a result of their lack of cell walls), mycoplasmas are phylogenetically related to the...
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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
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Firmicutes is a diverse phylum of Gram-positive bacteria characterized by a low GC content in their genomes. This phylum includes organisms with monoderm or diderm cell envelopes, highlighting a complex evolutionary history. Firmicutes comprises several major orders, including Lactobacillales, Clostridiales, and Bacillales, which exhibit remarkable diversity in their morphology, metabolism, and ecological roles.The order Lactobacillales includes lactic acid bacteria, which are fermentative...
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Excavata is a diverse group of protists that includes both chemoorganotrophic and phototrophic species, with some thriving in anaerobic environments. Among the key groups within Excavata are diplomonads and parabasalids, which are flagellated protists that lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. These microorganisms typically inhabit anoxic environments, such as the intestines of animals, where they exist either symbiotically or as parasites, relying on fermentation for energy production. Some...
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Archaea, one of the three domains of life, exhibit remarkable diversity and adaptability, thriving in both extreme and moderate environments. Historically, most identified archaea have been classified into two major phyla: Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota. However, recent molecular studies have expanded this classification to include three additional phyla: Thaumarchaeota, Nanoarchaeota, and Korarchaeota, each exhibiting unique characteristics and ecological roles.Thaumarchaeota: Mesophiles...
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Amoebozoa represent a diverse group of terrestrial and aquatic protists that utilize lobe-shaped pseudopodia for locomotion and feeding. This characteristic differentiates them from the Rhizaria, which possess threadlike pseudopodia. The primary classifications within Amoebozoa include gymnamoebas, entamoebas, and the plasmodial and cellular slime molds. Phylogenetic evidence indicates that Amoebozoa diverged from a lineage that ultimately gave rise to fungi and animals.Gymnamoebas and...
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Applying Advanced In Vitro Culturing Technology to Study the Human Gut Microbiota
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Sex differences in the phylum-level human gut microbiota composition.

Alexander Koliada1, Vladislav Moseiko1, Mariana Romanenko2

  • 1Molecular Genetic Laboratory Diagen, Kyiv, Ukraine.

BMC Microbiology
|May 1, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Human gut microbiota composition differs between sexes, with females showing higher levels of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria and lower Bacteroidetes. This results in an increased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in females, particularly in older individuals.

Keywords:
Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratioGut microbiota compositionHormonal profileSex-specific differences

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Human Gut Microbiome Research
  • Sex Differences in Health

Background:

  • Previous evidence suggests sex-related differences in human gut microbiota, potentially driven by hormonal profiles.
  • The role of gut microbiota in the sexual dimorphism of human diseases is an emerging area of research.
  • Phylum-level differences in gut microbiota between sexes have been less explored than lower taxonomic levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate sex differences in the phylum-level composition of the human gut microbiota.
  • To analyze the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio in relation to sex in a large population sample.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional population-based study involving 2301 relatively healthy individuals from Ukraine.
  • Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to determine relative abundances of bacterial phyla.
  • Statistical analysis was performed to compare microbiota composition and F/B ratios between males and females across different age groups.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences in phylum-level gut microbiota composition were identified between sexes.
  • Females exhibited significantly higher relative abundances of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria compared to males.
  • Females showed a significantly decreased relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and an increased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio compared to males, with this trend being more pronounced in individuals aged 50+.

Conclusions:

  • Sex-specific differences in intestinal microbiota composition at the phylum level were confirmed in the Ukrainian population.
  • The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio is significantly higher in females than in males.
  • Further research is required to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these sex-specific microbial differences and their implications for chronic diseases.