Aerodynamic effects and performance improvements of running in drafting formations

Area of Science:

• Sports science
• Biomechanics
• Aerodynamics

Background:

• Drafting is a known strategy to reduce energy expenditure in sports.
• Competitive running formations are increasingly observed, suggesting potential aerodynamic benefits.

Purpose of the Study:

• To quantify the aerodynamic drag reduction achieved by drafting in running formations.
• To evaluate the impact of drafting on running economy and performance.

Main Methods:

• Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of a realistic female runner model.
• Analysis of four running speeds (15-36 km/h).
• Evaluation of four different running formations and their drafting potential.

Main Results:

• Aerodynamic power fraction ranges from 2.6% to 8.5% of total energy expenditure.
• The most effective formation reduced the main runner's drag by 75.6%.
• Drag reduction varied significantly between formations (up to 42% compared to single runner).
• Running economy improved by up to 3.5%, leading to 2.3% velocity gains.
• Marathon time could be reduced by approximately 2.6 minutes.

Conclusions:

• Simple running formations can achieve substantial drag reduction (>70%).
• Runner placement is critical; side positioning can negatively impact drag reduction.
• Drafting offers significant performance benefits for long-distance running, particularly in packed formations.