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Related Concept Videos

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
383
General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

364
Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
364
Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

654
Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
654
Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

1.0K
Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
1.0K
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

717
Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx...
717
Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

656
Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
656

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An In Vivo Mouse Model of Total Intravenous Anesthesia During Cancer Resection Surgery
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Immunomodulators in anesthesia.

Fernanda F Cruz1, Patricia R M Rocco1, Paolo Pelosi2,3

  • 1Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology
|May 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Anesthetic agents possess immunomodulatory effects, impacting immune responses beneficially or detrimentally. Understanding these properties is crucial for optimizing patient care and selecting appropriate anesthetic strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Anesthetics exert significant immunomodulatory effects, influencing patient outcomes.
  • These effects can range from immunosuppression, increasing infection risk, to beneficial modulation of inflammation in critical conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the dual immunomodulatory effects of anesthetic agents.
  • To highlight the clinical implications of these effects in perioperative care.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on anesthetic agents and immune function.
  • Analysis of direct and indirect mechanisms of anesthetic immunomodulation.

Main Results:

  • Anesthetics demonstrate microbicidal properties and both pro- and anti-inflammatory actions.
  • They directly affect immune cells and indirectly modulate the neuroimmune stress response.
  • Emerging evidence suggests interaction with the gut microbiota.

Conclusions:

  • Anesthesiologists must consider immunomodulatory properties alongside hemodynamic and neuroprotective effects.
  • Future strategies may involve patient stratification using biomarkers to guide anesthetic selection based on immunomodulatory profiles.