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The primary cilium, made up of microtubules, acts as antennae on the cell surfaces for relaying external stimuli into the cells. These fine hair-like structures are present, generally one per cell. These are non-motile cilia in a 9+0 microtubules arrangement, where the central pair of microtubules are absent. The primary cilia arise from the basal body embedded in the cell membrane. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) carries requisite proteins from the cytoplasm to the cilium because the primary...
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Septins are the recently discovered fourth major protein component of the cytoskeleton, along with microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. These proteins can associate with other cytoskeletal filaments and carry out varied roles or can be free-floating in the cytoplasm.
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Most animal cells comprise a pair of centrioles together called a centrosome. The cell duplicates its centrosome and contains two centrosomes side-by-side, which begin to move apart during the prophase. As the centrosomes migrate to two different sides of the cell, microtubules start extending from each centrosome toward the other end. The mitotic spindle is composed of the centrosomes and their emerging microtubules.
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Cohesin protein complexes are a molecular glue that holds two sister chromatids together. They play an important role both in mitosis and meiosis. In mitosis, all cohesin complexes present on the chromosomes are removed before the start of the anaphase stage.
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In eukaryotes, the cell division cycle is divided into distinct, coordinated cellular processes that include cell growth, DNA replication/chromosome duplication, chromosome distribution to daughter cells, and finally, cell division. The cell cycle is tightly regulated by its regulatory systems as well as extracellular signals that affect cell proliferation.
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Binucleate Cells in Cytosmears: What do They Signify?

Gayathri Priyadharshini1, Manjiri Phansalkar1, Moses Ambroise1

  • 1Department of Pathology, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Pondicherry, India.

Journal of Cytology
|May 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Reed-Sternberg (RS) and RS-like cells appear in conditions beyond Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), posing diagnostic challenges. Specific features like prominent eosinophilic nucleoli and granulomas aid in predicting HL.

Keywords:
Hodgkin's diseaseReed-Sternberg cellslymphoma

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Area of Science:

  • Pathology
  • Cytopathology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Classic Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells are hallmarks of Hodgkin's disease (HD).
  • RS-like cells can be present in diverse benign and malignant conditions, complicating diagnosis.
  • Distinguishing RS-like cells from true RS cells is a significant diagnostic challenge in cytology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the occurrence of RS-like cells in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and other conditions.
  • To determine the proportion of binucleated cells in various benign and malignant lesions.
  • To evaluate the diagnostic utility of cytomorphological features in predicting Hodgkin lymphoma (HL).

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 2086 cytology cases.
  • Screening of cytosmears for binucleated cells.
  • Detailed cytomorphological analysis of positive cases to assess diagnostic criteria for HL.

Main Results:

  • Binucleated RS/RS-like cells were identified in 2.6% (55/2086) of cases.
  • These included Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), sarcoma, carcinoma, and benign/inflammatory lesions.
  • Prominent eosinophilic nucleoli, granulomas, and eosinophils demonstrated good sensitivity and specificity for predicting HL.

Conclusions:

  • Cytomorphological analysis alone has limited value for categorizing RS and RS-like cells.
  • Specific features like prominent eosinophilic nucleoli, eosinophils, granulomas, and lack of cell clustering can aid in predicting HL.
  • Accurate identification of RS-like cells requires careful evaluation of cytomorphological features in conjunction with clinical context.