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Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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The orderly progression of the cell cycle depends on the activation of Cdk protein by binding to its cyclin partner. However, the cell cycle must be restricted when undergoing abnormal changes. Most cancers correlate to the deregulated cell cycle, and since Cdks are a central component of the cell cycle, Cdk inhibitors are extensively studied to develop anticancer agents. For instance, cyclin D associates with several Cdks, such as Cdk 4/6, to form an active complex. The cyclin D-Cdk4/6 complex...
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Mitogens and their receptors play a crucial role in controlling the progression of the cell cycle. However, the loss of mitogenic control over cell division leads to tumor formation. Therefore, mitogens and mitogen receptors play an important role in cancer research. For instance, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) - a type of mitogen and its transmembrane receptor (EGFR), decides the fate of the cell's proliferation. When EGF binds to EGFR, a member of the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase...
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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
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Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: New Weapons Against Medullary Thyroid Cancer?

Sergio Di Molfetta1, Andrea Dotto2,3, Giuseppe Fanciulli4

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) management is challenging after surgery. Immune checkpoint inhibitors show promise, with ongoing trials investigating their efficacy and safety for MTC patients.

Keywords:
avelumabdurvalumabimmune checkpoint inhibitorsipilimumabmedullary thyroid carcinomanivolumabpembrolizumab

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare neuroendocrine neoplasm arising from thyroid C cells.
  • Complete surgical resection is the only curative treatment, but recurrence is common.
  • Current management for recurrent or metastatic MTC remains challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and discuss the efficacy and safety of Food and Drug Administration-approved immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in MTC patients.
  • To assess the current evidence base for ICIs in MTC treatment.
  • To highlight the growing research interest in ICIs for MTC.

Main Methods:

  • Extensive literature search for data on ICI use in MTC.
  • Inclusion of case reports, preliminary data articles, and registered clinical trials.
  • Focus on Food and Drug Administration-approved ICIs.

Main Results:

  • Limited published evidence currently exists for ICI efficacy and safety in MTC.
  • Seven data sources were identified, including one case report, one preliminary data article, and five ongoing clinical trials.
  • All registered trials initiated within the last three years, indicating increasing research focus.

Conclusions:

  • Despite limited current evidence, the growing number of clinical trials suggests a potential role for ICIs in MTC treatment.
  • Further results from ongoing and future trials are needed to determine if ICIs can become a valuable therapeutic option for MTC.
  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors represent a promising avenue for enhancing the body's natural antitumor defenses against MTC.