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Related Concept Videos

Peptic Ulcer Disease I: Introduction01:30

Peptic Ulcer Disease I: Introduction

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Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) is characterized by mucosal excavation in the esophagus, stomach, pylorus, or duodenum. It can manifest as acute or chronic based on the extent and duration of mucosal involvement.
An acute ulcer, marked by superficial erosion and minimal inflammation, swiftly resolves upon identifying and addressing the underlying cause. In contrast, a chronic ulcer persists, potentially eroding through the muscular wall and forming fibrous tissue.
Peptic ulcers can also be...
401
Peptic Ulcer Disease IV: Management01:26

Peptic Ulcer Disease IV: Management

210
Medical treatment strategies for peptic ulcers encompass various methods. The primary goal of treatment is to diminish gastric acidity and strengthen mucosal defense mechanisms.
The therapeutic approach involves ensuring adequate rest, implementing drug therapy, promoting smoking cessation, making dietary modifications, and emphasizing long-term follow-up care.
Pharmacological management
The prevailing therapy for peptic ulcers involves a combination of managing the patient's current...
210
Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease: Sucralfate as Mucosal Protective Agents01:24

Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease: Sucralfate as Mucosal Protective Agents

918
In the intricate landscape of the gastric lumen, excessive acid secretion disrupts the natural defense mechanisms, weakening the mucus-bicarbonate barrier. This vulnerability allows pepsin to infiltrate epithelial cells, digesting mucosal proteins and triggering erosion, leading to ulcer formation.
In this scenario, mucosal protective agents like sucralfate play an essential role. Sucralfate, a complex of sulfated sucrose and aluminum hydroxide, demonstrates its usefulness in acidic conditions,...
918
Acid Suppressive Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease: Proton Pump Inhibitors01:13

Acid Suppressive Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease: Proton Pump Inhibitors

637
Peptic ulcers, often induced by H. pylori infections or NSAID usage, arise from disruptions in the delicate balance of gastric acid production. Peptic ulcers stem from heightened gastric acid levels due to H. pylori infections or NSAID use. The protective mucus layer diminishes in the presence of these factors, allowing gastric acid to erode the stomach lining and form ulcers.
Gastric acid, a potent cocktail of hydrogen and chloride ions, is produced in specialized parietal cells within the...
637
Acid Suppressive Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease: Histamine H2-Receptor Antagonists01:28

Acid Suppressive Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease: Histamine H2-Receptor Antagonists

657
Histamine H2 receptors, which are intricately located on the basolateral membrane of parietal cells, play a crucial role in modulating gastric acid secretion. When released from enterochromaffin-like cells, histamine engages H2 receptors, initiating the cyclic AMP (cAMP) pathway. In this pathway, adenylyl cyclase converts ATP into cAMP, elevating intracellular cAMP levels. The activation of protein kinase A follows, stimulating the proton pump. This stimulation prompts the secretion of hydrogen...
657
Peptic Ulcer Disease II: Pathophysiology01:28

Peptic Ulcer Disease II: Pathophysiology

1.3K
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) is characterized by the development of ulcers in the stomach or duodenal mucosa. Its pathophysiology is complex, involving a balance between damaging and protective elements.
Damaging agents such as Helicobacter pylori, gastric acid, pepsin, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can weaken the mucosal defense, allowing hydrogen ions to infiltrate back and harm epithelial cells.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 7, 2025

Using 2-Photon Microscopy to Quantify the Effects of Chronic Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction on Glomerular Processes
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Leg ulcer with long-term hydroxyurea use.

Mohammad Ammad Ud Din1, Syed Ather Hussain1, Saad Jamshed2

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine Rochester General Hospital Rochester NY USA.

Clinical Case Reports
|May 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Long-term hydroxyurea use may lead to persistent leg ulcers. Discontinuation of hydroxyurea and exploring alternatives such as anagrelide and pegylated-interferon are recommended for healing.

Keywords:
essential thrombocytosishematologyhydroxyurea

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Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Hydroxyurea is a common treatment for myeloproliferative neoplasms.
  • Long-term use of hydroxyurea is associated with significant side effects, including chronic leg ulcers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the complication of leg ulcers in patients on long-term hydroxyurea therapy.
  • To emphasize the importance of drug discontinuation for ulcer healing.
  • To inform about alternative treatment options.

Main Methods:

  • This is a clinical observation summary.
  • It reviews the known side effects of hydroxyurea therapy.

Main Results:

  • Hydroxyurea-induced leg ulcers are often refractory to treatment.
  • Discontinuation of hydroxyurea is typically required for ulcer healing.

Conclusions:

  • Patients on long-term hydroxyurea require counseling on the risk of leg ulcers.
  • Alternative therapies like anagrelide and pegylated-interferon should be considered when hydroxyurea is discontinued due to ulceration.