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Updated: Nov 7, 2025

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Intravenous Fluid Administration and the Coagulation System.

Corrin J Boyd1, Benjamin M Brainard2, Lisa Smart1

  • 1School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.

Frontiers in Veterinary Science
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PubMed
Summary

Intravenous fluids can affect blood clotting in animals through dilution and direct effects. While some fluids may increase clotting at low doses, higher doses and certain colloids can impair coagulation and increase bleeding risk.

Keywords:
0.9% salinecolloidcrystalloiddilution coagulopathygelatinhydroxyethyl starch

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Hematology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Intravenous fluid administration is common in veterinary medicine.
  • Fluid therapy can significantly impact patient coagulation.
  • Understanding these effects is crucial for patient safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms by which intravenous fluids affect coagulation in veterinary patients.
  • To analyze the effects of crystalloid and colloid fluids on hemostasis.
  • To evaluate the existing veterinary literature on fluid-induced coagulopathy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of veterinary studies on fluid administration and coagulation.
  • Analysis of in vitro, experimental, and clinical data.
  • Examination of crystalloid and colloid fluid properties and their impact on coagulation factors and platelet function.

Main Results:

  • Both crystalloid and colloid fluids cause hemodilution, affecting platelet counts and coagulation proteins.
  • Hemodilution can lead to hypercoagulability at low dilutions and hypocoagulability at higher dilutions.
  • Colloids, particularly hydroxyethyl starch, can impair platelet function, decrease coagulation factor activity, and accelerate fibrinolysis, though results are inconsistent.

Conclusions:

  • The clinical relevance of fluid-induced hypocoagulability, especially for synthetic colloids, remains uncertain due to study limitations.
  • Recommendations for optimal fluid choice cannot be definitively made.
  • Limiting synthetic colloid doses in at-risk patients and close monitoring of coagulation are prudent measures.