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Related Concept Videos

Cell-surface Signaling01:21

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Hormones—or any molecule that binds to a receptor, known as a ligand—that are lipid-insoluble (water-soluble) are not able to diffuse across the cell membrane. In order to be able to affect a cell without entering it, these hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane. When a first messenger, a hormone, binds to a receptor, a signal cascade is set off, causing second messengers, proteins inside the cell, to become activated, resulting in downstream effects.
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Signal sequences are short amino acid sequences that guide newly synthesized proteins to their proper location within the cell. Classical signal sequences are fifteen to sixty amino acids long and present at the N-terminus of a polypeptide chain. Each signal sequence has a conserved segment of basic residues towards their N terminus, a hydrophobic core, and a C-terminus rich in polar residues. The C-terminus also contains a signal cleavage site and features a -3 -1 sequence motif. The -3-1...
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Assembly of Signaling Complexes01:30

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Multiprotein signaling complexes are formed in a dynamic process involving protein-protein interactions at the cytoplasmic domain of transmembrane receptors or enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins associated with the receptor. These complexes ensure the activation and propagation of intracellular signals that regulate cell functions.
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Contact-dependent Signaling01:19

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Contact-dependent signaling, as the name suggests, requires that communicating cells be in direct contact with each other. This is achieved either through receptor-ligand interactions or by specialized cytoplasmic channels that allow the flow of small molecules between cells. In animal cells, channels called gap junctions facilitate contact-dependent signaling in certain tissues, whereas, plasmodesmata perform a similar function in plants.
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Overview of Cell Signaling

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Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate with the environment.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 7, 2025

Mimicking the Function of Signaling Proteins: Toward Artificial Signal Transduction Therapy
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A Programmable Toolkit to Dynamically Signal Cells Using Peptide Strand Displacement.

Kyle D Riker1, Margaret L Daly1, Micah J Papanikolas1

  • 1Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|May 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Scientists created a dynamic synthetic platform to control cell behavior by mimicking the extracellular matrix. This system allows for the controlled, timed exposure of cell-adhesive signals, revealing how cells respond to changing environments.

Keywords:
bioactive surfacescell adhesioncoiled-coil peptidesdynamic biomaterialsextracellular matrixstrand displacement

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The native extracellular matrix (ECM) dynamically regulates cell behavior through signaling.
  • Understanding cell-matrix interactions is crucial for controlling cell fate in vitro.
  • Current in vitro models often lack the dynamic signaling of the native ECM.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a synthetic platform for the temporal display of cell-adhesive signals.
  • To investigate how dynamic ligand exposure influences cell spreading and integrin dynamics.
  • To uncover the molecular mechanisms cells use to sense and respond to environmental cues.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized coiled-coil peptides to create a dynamic surface for displaying cell-adhesive signals.
  • Employed peptide strand displacement reactions to control ligand exposure duration and periodicity.
  • Investigated fibroblast cell responses to transiently displayed αVβ3-selective ligands and RGDS peptides.

Main Results:

  • Transient ligand display induced reversible cell spreading and contraction cycles.
  • Cells exhibited a universal kinetic response to changes in ligand exposure.
  • Repeatedly triggered cells showed increased integrin enrichment in focal adhesions compared to persistent ligand exposure.

Conclusions:

  • The developed dynamic platform enables precise control over cell-adhesive signal presentation.
  • Cellular behavior, including spreading and integrin localization, is highly sensitive to the timing and duration of ligand exposure.
  • This platform offers insights into programming cellular responses and understanding cell-environment communication.