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Updated: Nov 7, 2025

Measurement of Outgassing Rates of Steels
Published on: December 13, 2016
Occurrence, profiles, and control of unintentional POPs in the steelmaking industry: A review
Jia Shen1, Lili Yang2, Guorui Liu3
1State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China.
Abstract:
The steelmaking industry is an important source of unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutants (UP-POPs). This review summarizes the emission levels, characteristics, and formation mechanisms of UP-POPs, including halogenated dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated naphthalenes, and penta- and hexa- chlorobenzenes in the steelmaking industry to improve our understanding of the emissions of UP-POPs from the steelmaking industry. The factors influencing UP-POP formation during the iron ore sintering (IOS) process are also reviewed. The raw materials and temperature during the steelmaking process are important factors influencing UP-POP generation. Raw materials containing plastics, paints, cutting oil, rubber, and iron from electronic waste recycling can contribute to high emissions of UP-POPs during steelmaking processes. Electrostatic precipitator dust contains chlorine, carbon, and metals, which are usually recycled as a component of the raw material, and could also promote dioxin formation and emissions from IOS. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) are easily formed in high concentrations at temperatures in the range of 200 °C-650 °C. This review also provides a comprehensive summary of the UP-POP emission limits in the steel industry worldwide and the best available techniques and environmental practices for UP-POP emission reduction. The information in this review will be useful for the reduction of UP-POPs in the steelmaking process.
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