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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Ear01:16

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Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
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The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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The inner ear assumes dual functionalities of auditory perception and equilibrium maintenance. The vestibule is the organ responsible for balance. This organ contains mechanoreceptors, specifically hair cells, endowed with stereocilia, which aid in deciphering information regarding the position and motion of our heads. Two intrinsic components, the utricle and saccule, help perceive head position, while the semicircular canals track head movement. Neurological messages initiated in the...
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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
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Related Experiment Video

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A Method to Study Adaptation to Left-Right Reversed Audition
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Mouse middle-ear forward and reverse acoustics.

Hamid Motallebzadeh1, Sunil Puria1

  • 1Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
|May 4, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new finite-element model reveals how mouse middle-ear (ME) anatomy affects hearing. Surprisingly, the ME cavity significantly impacts cochlear input impedance below 10 kHz, crucial for understanding auditory function.

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Area of Science:

  • Auditory science
  • Bioacoustics
  • Computational biology

Background:

  • The mouse is a key animal model in hearing research.
  • Understanding the relationship between mouse middle-ear (ME) anatomy and function is limited.
  • Experimental constraints hinder complete characterization of the mouse ME's role in sound transmission and otoacoustic emission (OAE) propagation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a computational model of the mouse ear.
  • To investigate the acoustic impedance and pressure transfer functions of the ear.
  • To analyze the impact of anatomical variations on sound transmission.

Main Methods:

  • A fully coupled finite-element model of the mouse ear (ear canal, middle ear, and cochlea) was created.
  • The model was calibrated using experimental measurements.
  • Calculations included impedances and pressure transfer functions for forward, reverse, and round-trip sound paths.

Main Results:

  • The ME cavity, eardrum, and stapes annular ligament significantly influence cochlear input impedance below 10 kHz due to acoustic coupling via the round window.
  • The mallear orbicular apophysis enhances forward sound transmission between 7-30 kHz by altering the transmission line delay.
  • Simulations explored the effects of removing key anatomical structures like the ME cavity and pars flaccida.

Conclusions:

  • The developed model provides novel insights into mouse ME function and its anatomical determinants.
  • Acoustic coupling through the round window plays a critical role in low-frequency impedance matching.
  • Specific anatomical features, like the orbicular apophysis, are vital for optimizing high-frequency sound transmission in mice.