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Related Concept Videos

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing01:28

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

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The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
The CRISPR-Cas system stores a copy of foreign DNA in the host genome and uses it to identify the foreign DNA upon reinfection. CRISPR-Cas has three different...
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Updated: Nov 7, 2025

Enhanced Genome Editing with Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein in Diverse Cells and Organisms
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Programmable RNA editing with compact CRISPR-Cas13 systems from uncultivated microbes.

Chunlong Xu1, Yingsi Zhou2, Qingquan Xiao1,3

  • 1Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.

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Scientists discovered novel CRISPR-Cas systems, Cas13X and Cas13Y, from microbes. Engineered Cas13X.1 shows promise for RNA virus inhibition and RNA base editing in mammalian cells.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • CRISPR-Cas systems evolve through microbial and viral coevolution.
  • These systems provide defense against infectious agents.
  • Diversification has led to various defense mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize novel CRISPR-Cas systems.
  • To engineer a compact CRISPR-Cas enzyme for RNA interference.
  • To develop an RNA base editor for research applications.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of metagenomic terabase datasets from hypersaline environments.
  • Engineering of a CRISPR-Cas13X variant (Cas13X.1).
  • RNA interference experiments in mammalian cell lines.
  • Construction and testing of a minimal RNA base editor.

Main Results:

  • Discovery of two compact CRISPR-Cas ribonuclease families, Cas13X and Cas13Y.
  • Engineered Cas13X.1 demonstrated tolerance to single-nucleotide mismatches in RNA recognition.
  • Cas13X.1 facilitated prophylactic RNA virus inhibition.
  • A minimal RNA base editor using a truncated Cas13X.1 showed high efficiency and specificity for RNA base conversions.

Conclusions:

  • Untapped bacterial defense systems exist in natural microbes.
  • These systems can function effectively in mammalian cells.
  • Potential applications in RNA-editing-based research and biotechnology.