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Related Concept Videos

Muscles for Facial Expressions01:14

Muscles for Facial Expressions

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The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 7, 2025

Using Facial Electromyography to Assess Facial Muscle Reactions to Experienced and Observed Affective Touch in Humans
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Understanding Facial Muscle Aging: A Surface Electromyography Study.

Sebastian Cotofana1, Shirin Assemi-Kabir2, Samir Mardini3

  • 1Department of Clinical Anatomy, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA.

Aesthetic Surgery Journal
|May 4, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Facial muscle activity shows minimal age-related changes, with some exceptions like the zygomaticus major. This electromyography study enhances understanding of facial aging processes.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Gerontology
  • Facial Anatomy

Background:

  • Facial aging is complex, affecting skin, muscles, fat, ligaments, and bone.
  • While bone and fat aging are well-studied, age-related changes in facial muscle activity remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate motor unit action potentials in facial muscles using noninvasive electromyography.
  • To compare facial muscle activity between young and old healthy volunteers.

Main Methods:

  • Surface-derived, noninvasive facial electromyography was performed on 32 healthy volunteers (age range: 21-82 years).
  • Nine facial muscles were analyzed bilaterally, yielding 1632 measurements of signal, noise, and signal-to-noise ratio.

Main Results:

  • Overall, age did not significantly impact facial muscle signal, baseline noise, or signal-to-noise ratio in a matched model.
  • Exceptions included reduced activity in the zygomaticus major and increased activity in the procerus and corrugator supercilii muscles.

Conclusions:

  • This facial electromyography study contributes to understanding age-related facial muscle dynamics.
  • Further research is needed to validate and expand upon these findings regarding facial aging.