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Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer01:03

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Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Experimental RNAi02:15

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RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
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siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 6, 2025

Visualization of SARS-CoV-2 using Immuno RNA-Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
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The Great Deceiver: miR-2392's Hidden Role in Driving SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

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    Researchers identified miR-2392, a microRNA (miRNA) linked to COVID-19 symptoms and severity. This discovery paves the way for new diagnostic tools and antiviral therapies targeting this specific miRNA.

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    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Virology
    • Immunology

    Background:

    • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are crucial regulators of gene expression with implications in disease pathogenesis.
    • The role of circulating miRNAs in SARS-CoV-2 infection and their potential as biomarkers or therapeutic targets remains an active area of research.

    Approach:

    • Transcriptomic analysis of patient data identified miR-2392 as dysregulated in COVID-19.
    • Investigated miR-2392's functional impact on host gene expression, cellular pathways (mitochondria, inflammation, glycolysis, hypoxia), and COVID-19 symptoms.
    • Assessed miR-2392 presence in biological samples (blood, urine) from COVID-19 patients.
    • Developed and tested an miRNA-based therapeutic targeting miR-2392 in in vitro and in vivo (hamster) models.

    Key Points:

    • miR-2392 is a circulating microRNA significantly associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
    • This miRNA drives key pathological processes in COVID-19, including mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, and altered metabolism.
    • miR-2392 is a potential biomarker for minimally invasive COVID-19 detection.
    • A novel miR-2392-targeted antiviral therapy demonstrated efficacy in preclinical models.

    Conclusions:

    • miR-2392 plays a critical role in COVID-19 pathogenesis and presents a promising target for therapeutic intervention.
    • The detection of miR-2392 offers a potential avenue for developing novel diagnostic strategies for COVID-19.
    • miRNA-based therapeutics targeting miR-2392 show potential for treating COVID-19.