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Related Concept Videos

Lysosomes01:31

Lysosomes

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Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed spherical sacs derived from the Golgi apparatus. The most important function of the lysosome is degrading macromolecules and biological polymers that are released during membrane trafficking events such as the secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The degradation is carried out by several hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen. These acid hydrolases are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling,...
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Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...
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Lysosomal Hydrolases01:22

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Lysosomes are the site for the degradation of macromolecules and biological polymers released during membrane trafficking events such as secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The membrane-enclosed area of the lysosome, called the lumen, contains hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment. These acid hydrolases are functional at a pH between 4.5 and 5 and are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling, energy metabolism, restoration of the plasma membrane,...
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Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Maturation of Endosomes01:28

Maturation of Endosomes

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The early endosome containing internalized molecules matures through transformations in its location, morphology, intraluminal pH, and membrane protein composition. Together, these changes result in a more acidic late endosome that contains multiple intraluminal vesicles; therefore, the late endosome is also called a multivesicular body (MVB).
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Autophagy01:27

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
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Lysosome biogenesis: Regulation and functions.

Chonglin Yang1, Xiaochen Wang2,3

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.

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|May 5, 2021
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Lysosomes are key cellular hubs. Their biogenesis is tightly regulated by various signals, impacting cell adaptation, development, and aging.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Lysosomes function as crucial degradation centers and signaling hubs within cells.
  • Lysosome function is vital for maintaining cellular homeostasis, development, and aging processes.
  • Cellular adaptation to diverse stimuli relies on dynamic changes in lysosome activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the current understanding of lysosome biogenesis regulation.
  • To explore how lysosome biogenesis responds to various intra- and extracellular cues.
  • To discuss the role of lysosome biogenesis in organismal development and aging.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on lysosome biogenesis.
  • Analysis of regulatory mechanisms including protein synthesis and delivery.
  • Examination of transcriptional regulation of lysosomal genes.

Main Results:

  • Lysosome biogenesis involves protein synthesis, endosome-lysosome pathway delivery, and vesicle reformation.
  • Regulation occurs in response to nutrient/non-nutrient signals, cell cycle, and cell fate.
  • Lysosome biogenesis is integral to development and aging.

Conclusions:

  • Lysosome biogenesis is a complex, highly regulated process essential for cellular function.
  • Understanding these mechanisms provides insights into cellular adaptation and organismal health.
  • Lysosome dynamics are critical throughout the lifespan, from development to aging.