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Infertility in Females

Infertility in Females

Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
Endometriosis, a condition characterized by abnormal growth of...

Infertility in Males

Infertility in Males

Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...

Oogenesis

Oogenesis

In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...

Birth Control Methods

Birth Control Methods

Vasectomy is a surgical form of male sterilization that involves severing and sealing the vasa deferentia, preventing sperm from mixing with semen during ejaculation. Because a vasectomy does not impact the testes' ability to produce testosterone, hormone levels, libido, and sexual function generally remain unchanged. While vasectomy is highly effective in preventing pregnancy, with a success rate near 99.85%, rare cases of recanalization (spontaneous reconnection) can occur. Although...

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male...

Ovarian Cycle

Ovarian Cycle

The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle...

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Abortion and Infertility.

Gregory K Pike¹

¹Senior Research Fellow, Bios Centre, London. Bachelor of Sciences with Honors in Physiology; Doctor of Philosophy.

Issues in Law & Medicine

|May 5, 2021

Summary

Induced abortion may negatively impact female fertility, despite a general consensus otherwise. Further research is warranted due to existing evidence and ethical considerations for informed consent regarding abortion risks.

Area of Science:

Reproductive Medicine
Gynecology
Public Health

Background:

Induced abortion is a common medical procedure for women.
Existing literature suggests a general consensus of no association between abortion and infertility.
However, some publications indicate a contrary evidence.

Purpose of the Study:

To examine induced abortion as a potential negative factor impacting female fertility.
To re-examine the existing evidence on the association between abortion and infertility.
To highlight the need for further research due to potential links and insufficient attention.

Main Methods:

Review of existing publications on induced abortion and female fertility.
Analysis of evidence suggesting a link between abortion and infertility.

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Consideration of ethical and legal implications for informed consent.

Main Results:

While a consensus suggests no link, contrary evidence exists in some publications.
The commonality of abortion procedures means even a small effect could impact many women.
Ethical and legal obligations necessitate informing women about potential risks.

Conclusions:

A re-examination of the relationship between induced abortion and female infertility is warranted.
Inconclusive, inadequate, or preliminary research necessitates informing women of potential risks.
Ethical and legal standards require disclosure of potential abortion-related infertility risks.