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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

955
Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
955
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

566
Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
566
General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

362
Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
362
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

762
Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
762
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

381
Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
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Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

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Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 6, 2025

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Success of Ultrasound-Guided Neuraxial Anesthesia in Cases with Difficult Anatomy
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Recent Updates in Spinal Anesthesia-A Narrative Review.

Prasanna Vadhanan1,2

  • 1Department of Anaesthesiology, Vinayaka Mission's Medical College, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation, Karaikal, Puducherry, India.

Asian Journal of Anesthesiology
|May 5, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Spinal anesthesia, a widely used regional technique, continues to advance in its applications, procedures, and drug choices. This review explores recent developments to help anesthesiologists optimize patient care and minimize side effects.

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Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Regional Anesthesia

Background:

  • Spinal anesthesia is a foundational regional anesthesia technique.
  • It is frequently utilized by anesthesiologists globally and is typically mastered early in training.
  • Despite its long history, spinal anesthesia is continuously evolving.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in spinal anesthesia.
  • To cover updates on indications, procedural techniques, anesthetic drugs, and side effect mitigation strategies.
  • To identify knowledge gaps and finer aspects for postgraduate and practicing anesthesiologists.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent developments in spinal anesthesia.
  • Analysis of current trends in indications, procedures, and pharmacology.
  • Synthesis of strategies for minimizing adverse effects.

Main Results:

  • Spinal anesthesia remains a dynamic field with ongoing innovations.
  • Recent advances focus on refining techniques, expanding indications, and improving drug efficacy and safety profiles.
  • Effective strategies exist to manage and minimize common side effects.

Conclusions:

  • Spinal anesthesia is an evolving technique with significant recent progress.
  • A comprehensive understanding of these advances is crucial for tailoring patient-specific interventions.
  • Further research can address remaining knowledge gaps to enhance clinical practice.