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Related Concept Videos

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into...
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Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes

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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects01:10

Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects

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The presence of electron-donating, electron-withdrawing, or conjugating groups adjacent to a radical center, imparts electronic stabilization to the radicals. Examples of such electronically-stabilized radicals are triphenylmethyl, tetramethylpiperidine‐N‐oxide, and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl. These radicals are remarkably stable and are known as persistent radicals. Some of the persistent radicals can even be isolated and purified.
Along with electronic...
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Batteries and Fuel Cells03:12

Batteries and Fuel Cells

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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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Updated: Nov 6, 2025

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
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Polypeptide organic radical batteries.

Tan P Nguyen1, Alexandra D Easley2, Nari Kang2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.

Nature
|May 6, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel metal-free, polypeptide-based battery using organic redox-active materials. This sustainable battery technology offers on-demand degradation and reconstruction, paving the way for a circular economy.

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Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Sustainable Chemistry

Background:

  • Lithium-ion batteries have enabled modern technology but raise ethical and environmental concerns regarding mineral sourcing and disposal.
  • Current recycling rates for lithium-ion batteries are low, straining global resources.
  • Organic-based redox-active materials offer a sustainable alternative for rechargeable batteries with on-demand deconstruction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a metal-free, polypeptide-based battery using sustainable organic materials.
  • To create a battery that is stable during operation but degradable on demand at end-of-life.
  • To explore environmentally benign or recyclable degradation products for battery reconstruction.

Main Methods:

  • Incorporation of viologens and nitroxide radicals as redox-active groups onto polypeptide backbones.
  • Utilizing these modified polypeptides as anode and cathode materials.
  • Investigating degradation of the polypeptide battery in acidic conditions.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated a functional metal-free, polypeptide-based battery.
  • The redox-active polypeptides exhibited stability during battery operation.
  • On-demand degradation in acidic conditions yielded amino acids and other recyclable building blocks.

Conclusions:

  • Polypeptide-based batteries represent a significant step towards green and sustainable energy storage.
  • This approach addresses the need for alternative battery chemistries within a circular economy framework.
  • The developed battery technology offers a pathway for environmentally responsible battery design and end-of-life management.