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Updated: Nov 6, 2025

Protocol for Human Blastoids Modeling Blastocyst Development and Implantation
Published on: August 10, 2022
Naive stem cell blastocyst model captures human embryo lineage segregation
Ayaka Yanagida1, Daniel Spindlow1, Jennifer Nichols2
1Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
Abstract:
Human naive pluripotent cells can differentiate into extraembryonic trophectoderm and hypoblast. Here we describe a human embryo model (blastoid) generated by self-organization. Brief induction of trophectoderm leads to formation of blastocyst-like structures within 3 days. Blastoids are composed of three tissue layers displaying exclusive lineage markers, mimicking the natural blastocyst. Single-cell transcriptome analyses confirm segregation of trophectoderm, hypoblast, and epiblast with high fidelity to the human embryo. This versatile and scalable system provides a robust experimental model for human embryo research.
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