Toll-like Receptor 4 Signaling is Critical for the Adaptive Cellular Stress Response Effects Induced by Intermittent...

Among different kinds of dietary energy restriction, intermittent fasting (IF) has been considered a dietary regimen which causes a mild stress to the organism. IF can stimulate proteins and signaling pathways related to cell stress that can culminate in the increase of the body resistance to severe stress conditions. Energy intake reduction induced by IF can induce modulation of receptors, kinases, and phosphatases, which in turn can modulate the activation of transcription factors such as NF-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and cAMP response element-binding (CREB) which regulate the transcription of genes related to the translation of proteins such as growth factors: brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), chaperone proteins: heat shock proteins (HSP), and so on. It has been shown that toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important molecules in innate immune response which are present not only in the periphery but also in neurons and glial cells. In central nervous system, TLRs can exert functions related to set up responses to infection, as well as influence neural progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation, being involved in cognitive parameters such as learning and memory. Little is known about the involvement of TLR4 on the beneficial effects induced by IF protocol. The present work investigated the effects of IF on memory and on the signaling mechanisms associated with NRF2 and CREB in Tlr4 knockout mice. The results suggest that TLR4 participates in the modulatory effects of IF on oxidative stress levels, on the transcription factors CREB and NRF2, and on BDNF and HSP90 expressions in hippocampus.