Combination Immunotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Where Are We Currently?
Pedro Luiz Serrano Uson Junior1,2,3, Bolni Marius Nagalo1,2,3,4, Daniel H Ahn1
1Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona.
Abstract:
The past decade has seen a rise in the availability of breakthrough therapeutic strategies for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A tumor microenvironment in HCC is regulated by various immunotolerance mechanisms; therefore, therapeutic strategies aiming at disrupting tumor immune tolerance are becoming attractive curative options in HCC. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have demonstrated impressive effectiveness in HCC, including in sorafenib-unresponsive patients. Synergistic approaches with checkpoint inhibitors (anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4) and antiangiogenic drugs are burgeoning as first-line treatment therapeutic modalities in HCC.
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