Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Urodynamic Studies: Uroflowmetry01:19

Urodynamic Studies: Uroflowmetry

1.3K
Uroflowmetry is a non-invasive urodynamic test designed to measure various aspects of urination, including volume, flow rate, and the time to void. This test is crucial for diagnosing and assessing conditions such as bladder outlet obstruction, bladder dysfunction, incomplete bladder emptying, incontinence, and urinary tract blockages caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and urethral strictures.Pre-Test Instructions:Before a uroflowmetry test, patients are typically advised to drink...
1.3K
The Micturition Reflex01:26

The Micturition Reflex

1.5K
Urination, or micturition involves the coordination of the bladder's detrusor muscle and two sphincters to ensure controlled bladder emptying.
The process begins with bladder filling, where the bladder wall stretches as urine accumulates. This stretching activates the urine storage reflex, mediated by the sacral spinal segments and the pontine storage center. Efferent sympathetic impulses stimulate the detrusor muscle to relax and the internal urethral sphincter to contract, facilitating...
1.5K
Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

519
The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
519
Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

2.1K
The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
2.1K
Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography01:22

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

378
Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...
378
Disorders of the Urinary System01:20

Disorders of the Urinary System

726
The urinary system is responsible for eliminating waste and excess fluids from the body. However, disorders of the urinary system can arise due to various reasons like infections, stress, age, congenital abnormalities, and lifestyle.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common urinary system disorders. They are caused by bacteria that enter the urethra and can spread to the bladder resulting in cystitis. Pyelonephritis is the result of a UTI that has ascended to the level of the...
726

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The Role of the Aging Bladder in Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Implications in Patients with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)·2026
Same author

Integrated signalling networks in the healthy lower urinary tract: A narrative review.

Autonomic neuroscience : basic & clinical·2026
Same author

Erectile Function Decline in Men with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Three-Year Case-Control Study Comparing Haemodialysis, Non-Dialysis CKD and Community Controls.

Journal of clinical medicine·2026
Same author

Effect of Bladder Injections of Botulinum Neurotoxin A on Biomarkers Associated with Inflammation and Urinary Infections in Patients with Neurogenic Detrusor Overactivity-Associated Incontinence: A Pilot, Prospective, Human Study.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026
Same author

Prognostic Factors of Persistent Overactive Bladder/Storage Symptoms following Deobstruction Surgery for Benign Prostatic Enlargement in Males: A Systematic Review.

European urology focus·2025
Same author

Phenotyping Overactive Bladder-Part 1: Are There Different Types of Urgency and Can They be Translated to Clinical, Urodynamic and Radiological Phenotyping? ICI-RS 2025.

Neurourology and urodynamics·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 6, 2025

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection
03:26

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection

Published on: August 28, 2020

2.2K

Defining Voiding Dysfunction in Women: Bladder Outflow Obstruction Versus Detrusor Underactivity.

Konstantinos-Vaios Mytilekas1, Athanasios Oeconomou1,2, Ioannis Sokolakis1,3

  • 12nd Department of Urology of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, "Papageorgiou" General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.

International Neurourology Journal
|May 6, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Combining the Blaivas-Groutz nomogram with urethral resistance factor improves bladder outlet obstruction diagnosis in women with lower urinary tract symptoms. This aids in differentiating obstruction from underactivity.

Keywords:
Lower urinary tract symptomsUnderactiveUrinary bladderUrinary bladder neck obstruction

More Related Videos

Nerve-sparing Mid-urethral Obstruction NeMO in Female Small Rodents
07:42

Nerve-sparing Mid-urethral Obstruction NeMO in Female Small Rodents

Published on: April 25, 2017

9.8K
A Decentralized Ex Vivo Murine Bladder Model with the Detrusor Muscle Removed for Direct Access to the Suburothelium during Bladder Filling
06:36

A Decentralized Ex Vivo Murine Bladder Model with the Detrusor Muscle Removed for Direct Access to the Suburothelium during Bladder Filling

Published on: November 28, 2019

7.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 6, 2025

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection
03:26

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection

Published on: August 28, 2020

2.2K
Nerve-sparing Mid-urethral Obstruction NeMO in Female Small Rodents
07:42

Nerve-sparing Mid-urethral Obstruction NeMO in Female Small Rodents

Published on: April 25, 2017

9.8K
A Decentralized Ex Vivo Murine Bladder Model with the Detrusor Muscle Removed for Direct Access to the Suburothelium during Bladder Filling
06:36

A Decentralized Ex Vivo Murine Bladder Model with the Detrusor Muscle Removed for Direct Access to the Suburothelium during Bladder Filling

Published on: November 28, 2019

7.4K

Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Urodynamics
  • Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms

Background:

  • Accurate diagnosis of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) and detrusor underactivity (DU) is crucial for managing lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in women.
  • Existing urodynamic nomograms may have limitations in differentiating BOO and DU.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop improved urodynamic criteria for accurate diagnosis of BOO and DU in women with LUTS.
  • To enhance diagnostic accuracy by combining established urodynamic indices.

Main Methods:

  • Evaluated agreement between physician diagnosis and urodynamic nomograms (Blaivas-Groutz, urethral resistance factor [URA], bladder outlet obstruction index [BOOI], bladder contractility index [BCI]) in 68 women with LUTS and elevated postvoid residual (PVR).
  • Categorized 160 women into four groups based on B-G nomogram and URA, comparing urodynamic parameters.
  • Performed subanalysis comparing obstructed and nonobstructed women.

Main Results:

  • Initial agreement between B-G nomogram and physician diagnosis was poor in the mild obstruction zone (κ=0.308).
  • Adding URA (cutoff ≥20) significantly improved agreement (κ=0.856).
  • Statistically significant differences in Qmax, VV, PVR, BOOI, and BCI were observed across the four groups and between obstructed and nonobstructed women (except BCI).

Conclusions:

  • The combination of the Blaivas-Groutz nomogram and URA enhances the accuracy of diagnosing BOO in women with LUTS.
  • This combined approach suggests that many women previously classified with mild obstruction may actually have detrusor underactivity.