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Synteny and Evolution02:31

Synteny and Evolution

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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
Around 80 million years ago, the human and mice lineages diverged from the common ancestor. During the course of evolution, the ancestral...
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The Fossil Record02:56

The Fossil Record

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The fossil record documents only a small fraction of all organisms that have ever inhabited Earth. Fossilization is a rare process, and most organisms never become fossils. Moreover, the fossil record only exhibits fossils that have been discovered. Nevertheless, sedimentary rock fossils of long-lived, abundant, hard-bodied organisms dominate the fossil record. These fossils offer valuable information, such as an organism's physical form, behavior, and age. Studying the fossil record helps...
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What is Evolutionary History?02:35

What is Evolutionary History?

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Scientists record evolutionary history by analyzing fossil, morphological, and genetic data. The fossil record documents the history of life on Earth and provides evidence for evolution. However, both fossil and living organisms offer evidence that outlines Earth’s evolutionary history.
41.2K
The Evidence for Evolution02:55

The Evidence for Evolution

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Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
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Phylogeny01:23

Phylogeny

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Phylogeny is concerned with the evolutionary diversification of organisms or groups of organisms. A group of organisms with a name is called a taxon (singular). Taxa (plural) can span different levels of the evolutionary hierarchy. For instance, the group containing all birds is a taxon (comprising the class Aves), and the group of all species of daisies (the genus Bellis) is a taxon. Phylogenies can likewise include just one genus (i.e., depict species relationships) or span an entire kingdom.
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Eukaryotic Evolution01:24

Eukaryotic Evolution

39.1K
The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria.
Contrary to the endosymbiont theory, the eukaryote-first hypothesis proposes that the simpler prokaryotic and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 6, 2025

Reverse Dissection and DiceCT Reveal Otherwise Hidden Data in the Evolution of the Primate Face
08:15

Reverse Dissection and DiceCT Reveal Otherwise Hidden Data in the Evolution of the Primate Face

Published on: January 7, 2019

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Fossil apes and human evolution.

Sergio Almécija1,2,3, Ashley S Hammond4,2, Nathan E Thompson5

  • 1Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), New York, NY 10024, USA. salmecija@amnh.org.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|May 7, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human origins trace back to Africa, diverging from ape ancestors ~9.3 to 6.5 million years ago. Early hominins likely differed significantly from modern apes and humans.

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Area of Science:

  • Paleoanthropology
  • Primate Evolution
  • Human Origins

Background:

  • Humans and modern apes (hominoids) share features like upright posture, but fossil evidence suggests ancient diversity.
  • Living hominoids represent a limited sample of a once more diverse group of species.
  • Understanding the chimpanzee-human last common ancestor is key to reconstructing early hominin evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reconstruct the morphology, behavior, and environment of the chimpanzee-human last common ancestor.
  • To investigate the evolutionary divergence of the human lineage (hominins).
  • To understand the origins of hominins from Miocene ape ancestors.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of the fossil record of hominoids.
  • Comparative morphology of extant and extinct hominoids.
  • Reconstruction of ancestral states and environments.

Main Results:

  • The fossil record reveals a greater diversity of ancient hominoids than currently exists.
  • No single ancient species possessed all locomotor adaptations seen in modern apes.
  • Some shared features between modern apes may have evolved independently due to similar selective pressures.

Conclusions:

  • Hominins originated in Africa from Miocene ape ancestors that were unlike any living ape species.
  • The evolution of hominoids involved parallel adaptations and a wider range of ancestral forms.
  • Reconstructing the last common ancestor is crucial for understanding human lineage origins.