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Related Concept Videos

Infertility in Males01:23

Infertility in Males

380
Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
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Disorders of the Male Reproductive System01:20

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Men's health issues are increasingly recognized as significant, with several conditions posing common threats. Among these, testicular cancer is especially prevalent in younger men, particularly those aged 20 to 35 years. The disease often manifests as a painless mass in the testicles, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or a dull ache.
Prostate disorders are another major concern. These conditions can impair urinary flow due to the prostate's location around the urethra....
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Infertility in Females01:28

Infertility in Females

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Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
Endometriosis, a condition characterized by abnormal growth of...
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Sperm Structure and Semen Composition01:22

Sperm Structure and Semen Composition

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During ejaculation, males release around 2-5 milliliters of semen, which is a complex mixture of mature sperm and various fluids produced by accessory glands. The mature sperm cells measure approximately 60 micrometers in length and consist of a head, neck, midpiece, and tail. The head is flattened and tapered, measuring about 4 to 5 micrometers in length. It contains a nucleus with condensed chromosomes and an acrosome, a cap-like structure filled with enzymes essential for penetrating the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 6, 2025

Grade III Varicocele Surgical Treatment using Spermatic Vein-Superficial Abdominal Vein Shunt
05:00

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[Varicocele and reproductive function: pathozoospermia treatment (a prospective comparative study)].

V A Bozhedomov1,2,3, A B Shomarufov1, G E Bozhedomova1,3

  • 1Department of Urology and Andrology, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, and Head of the Clinic for Mens Health, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.

Urologiia (Moscow, Russia : 1999)
|May 7, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Varicocelectomy significantly improves sperm quality in most cases, reducing DNA fragmentation. Nutrient therapy offers similar DNA improvements, suggesting further research is needed to determine optimal treatment for male infertility.

Keywords:
DNA fragmentationmale infertilityspermogramvaricocelevaricocelectomy

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Andrology

Background:

  • Varicocele is a common cause of male infertility, but its impact on sperm parameters varies.
  • Surgical correction (varicocelectomy) and conservative treatments are employed to improve semen quality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the standardized effect (Es) of nutrient therapy, microsurgical varicocelectomy, and laparoscopic varicocelectomy on pathozoospermia.
  • To compare the efficacy of different treatment modalities for improving sperm parameters in men with varicocele.

Main Methods:

  • A multicenter case-control study with stratified randomization.
  • Patients with clinical varicocele were divided into four groups: observation, nutrient therapy, microsurgical varicocelectomy, and laparoscopic varicocelectomy.
  • Semen analysis (WHO-2010 criteria) and sperm DNA fragmentation were assessed over a 3-month period.

Main Results:

  • Both microsurgical and laparoscopic varicocelectomy significantly increased sperm concentration and motility compared to control and nutrient therapy groups.
  • Varicocelectomy led to a significant decrease in sperm DNA fragmentation (average 5.5%) in approximately 59% of patients.
  • Nutrient therapy also reduced DNA fragmentation by 5.5% in 66% of cases, with no significant difference compared to varicocelectomy.
  • Laparoscopic surgery showed a higher standardized effect (Es=0.70) than microsurgical varicocelectomy (Es=0.44).

Conclusions:

  • Varicocelectomy significantly improves sperm quality in about two-thirds of cases, including a reduction in DNA fragmentation.
  • Nutrient therapy demonstrates comparable effectiveness in reducing sperm DNA fragmentation.
  • Further research is warranted to identify specific patient subgroups who would benefit most from varicocelectomy versus other treatments.