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Imaging Biological Samples with Optical Microscopy

Imaging Biological Samples with Optical Microscopy

Optical microscopy uses optic principles to provide detailed images of samples. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek designed the first compound optical microscope in the 17th century to visualize blood cells, bacteria, and yeast cells. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes with enhanced magnification and resolution.
In optical microscopy, the specimen to be viewed is placed on a glass slide and clipped on the stage...

Preparation of Samples for Electron Microscopy

Preparation of Samples for Electron Microscopy

To be visualized by an electron microscope, either transmission or scanning, biological samples need to be fixed (stabilized) so the electron beam does not destroy them and dried thoroughly (desiccated/dehydrated) so the vacuum does not affect them. Fixation needs to be done as quickly as possible because the sample properties will start changing as soon as it is removed from its natural environment. For example, in a tissue sample, the oxygen levels begin decreasing, causing an altered...

Sample Handling

Sample Handling

Transportation of samples from the collection point to the laboratory, as well as storage and preservation techniques, are crucial for maintaining sample integrity and ensuring accurate and reliable test results.
Samples should be transported carefully from collection points to the laboratory. They should be properly sealed and clearly labeled to prevent cross-contamination. To preserve the sample integrity, optimal temperature conditions during transport are essential. This could involve using...

Sampling Theorem

Sampling Theorem

In signal processing, the analysis of continuous-time signals, denoted as x(t), often involves sampling techniques to convert these signals into discrete-time signals. This process is essential for digital representation and manipulation. A critical component in sampling is the train of impulses, characterized by the sampling interval and the sampling frequency. The relationship between these parameters and the original signal's properties dictates the success of the sampling process.

Sample Preparation for Analysis: Advanced Techniques

Sample Preparation for Analysis: Advanced Techniques

Accurate analysis of complex samples often requires advanced preparation techniques to achieve reliable and reproducible results. Samples containing inorganic or organic materials can be challenging to dissolve or decompose effectively. Standard sample preparation methods include acid digestion, fusion, dry ashing, and wet digestion.
Acid digestion with strong acids is commonly used to dissolve inorganic materials that are insoluble (do not dissolve) in water. This method can be useful for...

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
Fundamental Principles
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 6, 2025

Author Spotlight: Innovative Device Development for Advancing Dendroecology and Wood Anatomy Research

Author Spotlight: Innovative Device Development for Advancing Dendroecology and Wood Anatomy Research

Published on: September 27, 2024

Internet of Samples (iSamples): Toward an interdisciplinary cyberinfrastructure for material samples.

Neil Davies^1,2, John Deck³, Eric C Kansa⁴

¹Gump South Pacific Research Station, University of California, BP 244, Moorea 98728, French Polynesia.

|May 7, 2021

Summary

The Internet of Samples (iSamples) project provides a unified system for managing scientific material samples and their data. This cyberinfrastructure enables better discovery and reuse of samples across disciplines.

Keywords:

archaeology bioscience collections cyberinfrastructure data standards geoscience material sample persistent identifiers specimen unique identifiers

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Last Updated: Nov 6, 2025

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Area of Science:

Natural Sciences
Environmental Science
Material Science

Background:

Scientific research relies on sampling the natural and built environments.
Current systems for managing material samples and associated data are fragmented across various institutional catalogs and discipline-specific standards.
Lack of standardized identification and metadata practices hinders sample discovery and reuse.

Purpose of the Study:

To establish a standards-based collaboration for uniquely identifying material samples.
To create a system for consistently recording core metadata about samples.
To link samples with other samples, data, and research products for enhanced scientific discovery.

Main Methods:

Development of the Internet of Samples (iSamples) cyberinfrastructure.
Implementation of standards-based collaboration for sample identification and metadata.
Extension of existing data stewardship resources and best practices.

Main Results:

A cross-domain cyberinfrastructure for material sample management.
Unique and consistent identification of material samples.
Facilitation of linking samples to related data and research products.

Conclusions:

iSamples provides a foundational cyberinfrastructure for 21st-century natural science.
The system enables transdisciplinary research by improving sample accessibility and reusability.
Standardized management of material samples and metadata is crucial for scientific advancement.