[Biomarkers for the diagnosis and management of heart failure: new frontiers]

Area of Science:

• Cardiology
• Biochemistry

Background:

• Heart failure (HF) involves complex neurohormonal activation, inflammation, and oxidative stress, leading to myocardial damage and cardiac remodeling.
• Comorbidities exacerbate HF pathophysiology, contributing to progressive disease.
• Understanding these mechanisms has identified potential biomarkers for HF management.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review current and emerging biomarkers for risk stratification in heart failure.
• To discuss the role of novel multi-omics approaches in refining HF management.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of pathogenic mechanisms in HF.
• Analysis of established and investigational biomarkers.
• Exploration of multi-omics technologies (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics).

Main Results:

• High-sensitivity troponins and soluble suppression of tumorigenesis-2 (ST2) show promise for HF risk stratification, independent of natriuretic peptides.
• Other evaluated biomarkers include galectin-3, growth differentiation factor 15, and mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin.
• Biomarkers for renal dysfunction are also relevant in HF prognosis.

Conclusions:

• Current biomarkers offer valuable insights into HF risk stratification.
• Multi-marker scores and advanced multi-omics strategies hold potential for optimizing HF patient management and outcomes.