Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Self-Report Tests of Personality01:22

Self-Report Tests of Personality

539
Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
539
Personality Theory by Eysenck and Eysenck01:29

Personality Theory by Eysenck and Eysenck

805
Hans and Sybil Eysenck developed a widely recognized theory of personality, which emphasizes the role of temperament and genetically based differences in shaping individual traits. Their theory posits that biological factors primarily determine personality and can be understood through two main dimensions: extroversion/introversion and neuroticism/stability.
In the extroversion/introversion dimension, highly extroverted people are sociable, outgoing, and easily connect with others. In contrast,...
805
Dark Triad and Person Perception01:29

Dark Triad and Person Perception

78
Person perception is influenced by both external behaviors and the observer’s internal characteristics, including personality traits. Individuals with dark personality traits, comprising psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and narcissism — collectively known as the dark triad – exhibit manipulative and exploitative tendencies in social contexts. These traits affect how they perceive others and how they are perceived.The Role of Dark Personality Traits in Person PerceptionBlack et...
78
Causes of Similarity-Dissimilarity Effect01:26

Causes of Similarity-Dissimilarity Effect

87
The similarity-dissimilarity effect, a fundamental concept in social psychology, explains how interpersonal similarities and differences influence attraction and social interactions. This effect is supported by three key psychological perspectives: balance theory, social comparison theory, and consensual validation.Balance Theory and Cognitive ConsistencyBalance theory, developed by Fritz Heider, posits that individuals seek cognitive consistency in their relationships. When two people share...
87
Implicit Personality Theories01:23

Implicit Personality Theories

119
Implicit personality theory explains how individuals make assumptions about the relationships between personality traits, behaviors, and character types. When people learn that someone possesses a particular trait, they tend to infer the presence of other related characteristics, forming a cohesive impression. This cognitive shortcut plays a crucial role in social interactions and interpersonal judgments.Central Traits and Their InfluenceSolomon Asch's seminal 1946 study highlighted the power...
119
Introduction to Personality Psychology01:29

Introduction to Personality Psychology

18.7K
Personality encompasses a set of enduring traits and behavioral patterns that define how individuals think, feel, and interact, ultimately shaping their unique identities. The concept of personality has deep historical roots, deriving from the Latin term "persona," which means "mask." This term initially referred to the roles played by actors in ancient theater, signifying the different facets individuals display in various contexts.
Early Theories of Personality
The study of...
18.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A quantitative and qualitative analysis of non-participation in cardiac rehabilitation: The role of psychological burden and experienced barriers.

Journal of psychosomatic research·2026
Same author

Sharing patient-reported goals via an app is associated with more fundamental goal communication in neurosurgical consultations for patients with a brain tumor.

Patient education and counseling·2026
Same author

Investigating the analytical robustness of the social and behavioural sciences.

Nature·2026
Same author

Huge meta-research project puts claims in social-science papers to the test.

Nature·2026
Same author

Barriers and Facilitators to Participation in Interventions for Employee Health and Wellbeing in the University Context.

Stress and health : journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress·2026
Same author

Psychologists in Cardiogenetics: A Viewpoint Advocating for a Structured Role in Patient Care.

Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 6, 2025

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies
08:24

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: August 25, 2023

901

A systematic review comparing two popular methods to assess a Type D personality effect.

Paul Lodder1, Nina Kupper2, Marijn Antens2

  • 1Department of Methodology and Statistics, Tilburg University, the Netherlands; Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic diseases (CoRPS), Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, the Netherlands.

General Hospital Psychiatry
|May 7, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Dichotomous Type D personality assessment may yield false positives. Many studies may incorrectly attribute outcomes to Type D personality when only negative affectivity or social inhibition are responsible.

Keywords:
DichotomizationInteractionNegative affectivitySocial inhibitionType D personality

More Related Videos

Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder
09:55

Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder

Published on: March 8, 2018

12.8K
Brain Morphology of Cannabis Users With or Without Psychosis: A Pilot MRI Study
07:30

Brain Morphology of Cannabis Users With or Without Psychosis: A Pilot MRI Study

Published on: August 18, 2020

7.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 6, 2025

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies
08:24

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: August 25, 2023

901
Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder
09:55

Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder

Published on: March 8, 2018

12.8K
Brain Morphology of Cannabis Users With or Without Psychosis: A Pilot MRI Study
07:30

Brain Morphology of Cannabis Users With or Without Psychosis: A Pilot MRI Study

Published on: August 18, 2020

7.0K

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Behavioral Science
  • Medical Psychology

Background:

  • Type D personality is linked to health outcomes.
  • Replication failures suggest methodological issues in Type D assessment.
  • Continuous scores for negative affectivity (NA) and social inhibition (SI) are recommended over dichotomous grouping.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically assess the prevalence of false positive Type D effects.
  • To evaluate the agreement between continuous and dichotomous Type D operationalizations.
  • To identify the extent to which main effects of NA or SI are misattributed to Type D personality.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic review of 44 published studies was conducted.
  • Studies were included if they assessed Type D effects using both continuous and dichotomous methods.
  • Agreement between the two operationalizations was analyzed.

Main Results:

  • The dichotomous method showed poor agreement with the continuous Type D effect.
  • Of 89 significant dichotomous effects, only 37 (41.6%) were true Type D effects.
  • 58.4% of dichotomous effects were likely false positives, with 47.2% being main effects of NA or SI.

Conclusions:

  • Half of published Type D effects, using the dichotomous method, may be false positives.
  • The dichotomous method inflates the Type D personality literature.
  • Future research should prioritize continuous NA and SI scores for accurate Type D assessment.