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Thyroid Hormone Deiodinases: Dynamic Switches in Developmental Transitions.

Arturo Hernandez1,2,3, M Elena Martinez1, Lily Ng4

  • 1Department of Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Maine Health, Scarborough, Maine 04074, USA.

Endocrinology
|May 8, 2021
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Summary

Thyroid deiodinase enzymes (DIO2 and DIO3) act as crucial switches, regulating thyroid hormone (T3) levels for mammalian development. Their coordinated action and cell-to-cell communication control tissue maturation and function.

Keywords:
central nervous systemdeiodinasedevelopmentneuroendocrine functionsensory systemthyroid hormone

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Thyroid hormones are vital for mammalian development, with local tissue concentrations regulated by deiodinase enzymes.
  • Deiodinases, specifically DIO2 (activating) and DIO3 (inactivating), modulate the active thyroid hormone T3 (3,5,3'-triiodothyronine).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the coordinated roles of DIO2 and DIO3 in controlling developmental timing.
  • To investigate the paracrine-like control of thyroid hormone action through cell-to-cell communication.
  • To discuss the implications of deiodinases in human thyroid disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Genetic analyses in mice to determine the functions of DIO2 and DIO3.
  • Examination of deiodinase roles in cell differentiation, tissue maturation, and neonatal viability.
  • Analysis of deiodinase coordination and cell-to-cell communication in regulating T3 action.

Main Results:

  • DIO2 and DIO3 play critical roles in promoting neonatal viability, growth, fertility, brain development, and metabolic functions.
  • The opposing activities of DIO2 and DIO3 act as a dynamic switch, controlling developmental transitions.
  • Deiodinases in specific cell types can regulate neighboring cells, indicating paracrine control of T3 action.

Conclusions:

  • Deiodinases are key regulators of developmental timing and tissue maturation.
  • Coordinated deiodinase activity and intercellular communication are essential for normal development.
  • Dysregulation of deiodinases may contribute to tissue dysfunction in human thyroid disorders.