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Coagulation

Coagulation

Colloidal solids are solid particles suspended in solution. They are usually negatively charged, attracting a compact primary layer of positively charged ions, which attract more counterions to form an electrical double layer. Electrostatic repulsion between the charged double layers prevents the particles from colliding, stabilizing the colloids. These solids are often undesirable because they can contain toxins that are difficult to remove. Coagulation is a technique that helps aggregate and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 6, 2025

Synthesis of Hydrogels with Antifouling Properties As Membranes for Water Purification

Synthesis of Hydrogels with Antifouling Properties As Membranes for Water Purification

Published on: April 7, 2017

Charge-Gradient Hydrogels Enable Direct Zero Liquid Discharge for Hypersaline Wastewater Management.

Wenke Xie¹, Jiangjiang Duan¹, Jia Li¹

¹Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

|May 8, 2021

Summary

A novel charge-gradient hydrogel membrane enables direct wastewater desalination for zero liquid discharge (ZLD). This membrane technology overcomes hypersaline conditions and foulants, maximizing water recovery without pretreatment.

Keywords:

charge-gradient hydrogels desalination membrane distillation wastewater management zero liquid discharge

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Environmental Engineering
Chemical Engineering

Background:

Zero liquid discharge (ZLD) is crucial for water scarcity, but requires robust desalination without costly pretreatment.
Existing membrane technologies struggle with hypersaline wastewater and broad-spectrum foulants, hindering direct ZLD applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel membrane distillation (MD) strategy for direct wastewater recovery.
To address the limitations of traditional membranes in ZLD by introducing a charge-gradient hydrogel (CGH) membrane.

Main Methods:

Replaced traditional hydrophobic porous membranes with hydrophilic nonporous charge-gradient hydrogel (CGH) membranes.
Investigated the performance of CGH-based MD for direct desalination of hypersaline wastewater with high salt and foulant concentrations.

Main Results:

The CGH membrane demonstrated hypersaline tolerance and fouling/scaling-free properties.
Achieved high water flux in direct desalination of 130 g L⁻¹ hypersaline wastewater with 500 mg L⁻¹ foulants.
Maintained performance during 200 hours of continuous operation.

Conclusions:

The CGH-based MD strategy offers a paradigm shift for wastewater management.
This technology enables direct zero liquid discharge, maximizing water recovery and minimizing environmental impact.
Paves a promising way for efficient and cost-effective wastewater treatment.