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Related Concept Videos

Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

Nucleosome Remodeling

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Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
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The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 6, 2025

Isolation and Cultivation of Neural Progenitors Followed by Chromatin-Immunoprecipitation of Histone 3 Lysine 79 Dimethylation Mark
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Chromatin remodelling complexes in cerebral cortex development and neurodevelopmental disorders.

Leora D'Souza1, Asha S Channakkar1, Bhavana Muralidharan1

  • 1Brain Development and Disease Mechanisms, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore Life Science Cluster, Bangalore, India.

Neurochemistry International
|May 8, 2021
PubMed
Summary

ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers are crucial for neural stem cell regulation during brain development. Dysregulation of these remodelers contributes to neurodevelopmental disorders, highlighting their therapeutic potential.

Keywords:
BAF (mSWI/SNF) complexCorticogenesisINO80 complexISWI complexNeurodevelopmental disordersNuRD complex

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Neural stem cells in the cerebral cortex generate diverse neurons, continuing postnatal maturation.
  • Dynamic chromatin regulation is essential for neural stem cell function and functional neural network development.
  • ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers are key regulators of these processes, influencing proliferation, differentiation, and migration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers in cortical development.
  • To highlight how these remodelers control the chromatin landscape in neural stem cells.
  • To discuss the implications of their function in health and disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on chromatin remodelers in cortical development.
  • Analysis of findings from mouse models with mutations in chromatin remodeler subunits.
  • Examination of genetic risk variants associated with neurodevelopmental disorders.

Main Results:

  • Chromatin remodelers orchestrate the expression of stage-specific transcripts in cortical stem cells.
  • Mouse mutants reveal specific mechanisms by which remodelers control the chromatin landscape.
  • Genetic variants in remodeler subunits are linked to neurodevelopmental disorders.

Conclusions:

  • ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers are critical for normal cortical development.
  • Understanding their molecular mechanisms is vital for comprehending neurodevelopmental disorder pathologies.
  • Further research may lead to therapeutic strategies for these complex disorders.