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Related Concept Videos

Sequences01:29

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Sequences are fundamental mathematical objects consisting of ordered lists of numbers that follow a specific rule or pattern. Sequences are critical in various mathematical concepts, including calculus, series, and number theory. They can model real-world phenomena such as population growth, financial investments, and physical processes like the diminishing height of a bouncing ball.Each number in a sequence is referred to as a term. Typically, the terms are denoted as a1, a2, a3,…, where the...
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An arithmetic sequence is a structured arrangement of numbers where each term is derived by adding a constant value, known as the common difference, to the previous term. This consistent pattern allows for the efficient computation of any term within the sequence as well as the cumulative sum of multiple terms. The formula for finding the nth term of an arithmetic sequence is:Here, aₙ represents the nth term of the sequence, a is the first term, d is the common difference, and n is the term...
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The unit step sequence is defined as 1 for zero and positive values of the integer n. This sequence can be graphically displayed using a set of eight sample points, showing a step function starting from n=0 and remaining constant thereafter.
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Signal sequences are short amino acid sequences that guide newly synthesized proteins to their proper location within the cell. Classical signal sequences are fifteen to sixty amino acids long and present at the N-terminus of a polypeptide chain. Each signal sequence has a conserved segment of basic residues towards their N terminus, a hydrophobic core, and a C-terminus rich in polar residues. The C-terminus also contains a signal cleavage site and features a -3 -1 sequence motif. The -3-1...
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An ideal Y-Y transformer, grounded through neutral impedances, displays per-unit sequence networks akin to those of a single-phase ideal transformer when subjected to balanced positive- or negative-sequence currents. These currents do not produce neutral currents, and their associated voltage drops.
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The neural basis of counting sequences.

Eli Zaleznik1, Joonkoo Park2

  • 1Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, United States.

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|May 9, 2021
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Summary

The brain tracks counting sequences using the supplementary motor area (SMA) and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). These regions process ordered associations and linguistic binding, not automatic sensory or magnitude codes.

Keywords:
CountingNumerical cognitionSequence processingfMRI

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neuroimaging
  • Human Numerical Cognition

Background:

  • Sequence processing is fundamental for complex behaviors and human numerical development.
  • The neural underpinnings of processing counting sequences have not been previously investigated.
  • Hypothesized involvement of sensory, order, magnitude, and linguistic codes in distinct brain regions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural substrates involved in processing auditory counting sequences in adults.
  • To identify brain regions responsible for representing order, magnitude, and linguistic aspects of number sequences.
  • To test the hypothesis that specific brain areas (auditory, SMA, parietal, IFG) are involved.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to scan participants.
  • Participants listened to four-number sequences manipulated for adjacency, order, and voice identity.
  • Neural activity was analyzed by examining the effect of consecutiveness violations in hypothesized brain regions.

Main Results:

  • Violations of sequence consecutiveness activated the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and supplementary motor area (SMA).
  • Auditory cortex showed activation for voice identity changes, but not for consecutiveness violations.
  • The inferior parietal lobule showed an effect of orderedness but not consecutiveness violations.

Conclusions:

  • Listening to counting sequences does not automatically engage sensory or magnitude processing regions.
  • The supplementary motor area (SMA) appears to track precise increments in counting sequences.
  • The inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) is involved in binding sequential numerical information linguistically.