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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Tuberculosis III01:31

Pulmonary Tuberculosis III

565
Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
The first classification is based on the development of the disease, and it includes the following categories:
565
Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

797
Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...
797
Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV01:26

Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV

255
Tuberculosis, more commonly referred to as TB, is an infectious disease stemming from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While it primarily impacts the lungs, TB can also affect other body areas. Given its severity and global impact, timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for controlling its spread and improving patient outcomes.
Several diagnostic approaches are used to detect TB. The conventional method is the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST), also known as the Mantoux test. However, this method has...
255
Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

449
Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
449
Pulmonary Tuberculosis V01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis V

295
Medical management of tuberculosis (TB) patients involves a comprehensive approach that includes diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. The specific strategies can vary depending on the type of tuberculosis (latent or active), the patient's overall health status, and other considerations.
Latent tuberculosis infection occurs when TB bacteria are present in a person's body, but are not causing illness or symptoms. It is not contagious, and preventive treatment is crucial to avoid the...
295
Other Pulmonary Disorders01:17

Other Pulmonary Disorders

1.1K
Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.
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Updated: Nov 6, 2025

Analysis of 18FDG PET/CT Imaging as a Tool for Studying Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Treatment in Non-human Primates
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Extrapulmonary tuberculosis.

Surendra K Sharma1,2,3, Alladi Mohan4, Mikashmi Kohli5

  • 1Department of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard Institute of Molecular Medicine, New Delhi, India.

Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine
|May 10, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diagnosing extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) is challenging, but advanced imaging and rapid drug-susceptibility testing improve detection. Treatment requires prolonged management and careful monitoring for complications.

Keywords:
CBNAATPET-CTTuberculosisdiagnosisdisseminatedextrapulmonarymiliarytreatment

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pulmonology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) accounts for 15-20% of TB cases globally, rising to 50% in HIV-coinfected individuals.
  • Microbial diagnosis confirmation for EPTB is often difficult.
  • EPTB poses significant global morbidity and mortality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advancements in diagnosing and managing extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
  • To highlight the role of newer imaging and diagnostic techniques.
  • To discuss treatment strategies and follow-up protocols for EPTB.

Main Methods:

  • Review of newer imaging modalities like 18FDG-PET-CT and PET-MRI for precise lesion localization.
  • Utilization of image- and endoscopy-guided invasive methods for tissue/fluid procurement.
  • Application of universal drug-susceptibility testing for rapid drug-resistance diagnosis.

Main Results:

  • Advanced imaging aids in anatomical localization and extent mapping of EPTB.
  • Rapid drug-susceptibility testing enables quicker identification of drug resistance.
  • Drug-susceptible EPTB generally responds to first-line treatment, though specific forms require longer durations.

Conclusions:

  • Adjunctive corticosteroids are recommended for central nervous system and pericardial TB.
  • Surgical intervention is valuable for diagnosis and managing complications like hydrocephalus and Pott's spine.
  • Long-term follow-up is crucial for EPTB patients to monitor treatment adherence, adverse events, and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS).