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Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
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Protocols for Investigating the Host-tissue Distribution, Transmission-mode, and Effect on the Host Fitness of a Densovirus in the Cotton Bollworm
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[Virus-host coevolution: Endogenous RNA viral elements as pseudogenes].

Keizo Tomonaga1

  • 1Laboratory of RNA viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University.

Uirusu
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers discovered endogenous bornavirus-like elements (EBLs) in mammalian genomes, offering insights into the evolution of RNA virus pseudogenes and host-virus coexistence. This study explores their function and significance in evolution.

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Analysis of Group IV Viral SSHHPS Using In Vitro and In Silico Methods

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Virology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • RNA viruses replicate using RNA, but DNA fragments from them can be found in infected cells.
  • Eukaryotic genomes increasingly show genetic sequences from non-retroviral RNA viruses, possibly via retrotransposon mechanisms.
  • The function of these RNA viral "pseudogenes" in host genomes remains largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate endogenous bornavirus-like elements (EBLs) derived from Bornaviruses.
  • To analyze the evolution and function of EBLs within host animal genomes.
  • To discuss the significance of RNA virus endogenization as viral pseudogenes in evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Discovery and characterization of endogenous bornavirus-like elements (EBLs).
  • Analysis of EBLs in mammalian genomes.
  • Comparative genomics to understand evolutionary history.

Main Results:

  • Identification of endogenous bornavirus-like elements (EBLs) originating from negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses (Bornaviruses).
  • EBLs are integrated into mammalian genomes through mechanisms similar to processed pseudogenes.
  • Analysis provides clues into the historical coexistence of hosts and RNA viruses.

Conclusions:

  • Endogenous RNA virus sequences, particularly EBLs, play a role in mammalian genome evolution.
  • The endogenization of RNA viruses as pseudogenes is a significant evolutionary process.
  • Understanding EBLs aids in unraveling the long-term interactions between RNA viruses and their hosts.