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Related Concept Videos

B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 6, 2025

Isolation of Double Negative αβ T Cells from the Kidney
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Double-negative (DN) B cells: an under-recognized effector memory B cell subset in autoimmunity.

Yuzi Li1, Zhanguo Li1,2,3, Fanlei Hu1,2

  • 1Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital & Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis, Beijing, China.

Clinical and Experimental Immunology
|May 10, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Double-negative (DN) B cells, a unique subset of human B cells, are increasingly recognized for their important functions and roles in diseases, particularly autoimmune conditions. This review highlights their origins, characteristics, subsets, and disease involvement, offering new insights into this understudied cell type.

Keywords:
CD27IgDautoimmunitydouble-negative B cellsmemory B cells

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Last Updated: Nov 6, 2025

Isolation of Double Negative αβ T Cells from the Kidney
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The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Autoimmunity

Background:

  • Human B cells are classically classified into four subsets based on CD27 and immunoglobulin (Ig)D expression.
  • CD27- IgD- B cells, or double-negative (DN) B cells, have been historically under-recognized compared to other subsets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of double-negative (DN) B cells.
  • To explore their origins, characteristics, subsets, and functional roles in various diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on DN B cells.
  • Analysis of emerging evidence on DN B cell functions and disease associations.

Main Results:

  • DN B cells represent a unique memory B cell population with significant functions.
  • These cells are expanded in several diseases, notably autoimmune diseases, and contribute to pathogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • DN B cells are crucial players in immune responses and disease development.
  • Further research into DN B cells may offer new therapeutic strategies for autoimmune diseases.