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Related Concept Videos

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.5K
The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

2.3K
The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
2.3K
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.2K
The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
2.2K
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

2.9K
Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
2.9K
Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

4.0K
Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
4.0K
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

3.0K
The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into...
3.0K

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Recent Advances in Living Cationic Polymerization with Emerging Initiation/Controlling Systems.

Yinan Chen1, Lu Zhang1,2, Yi Jin2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China.

Macromolecular Rapid Communications
|May 10, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Recent advances in living cationic polymerization (LCP) utilize novel initiation systems for enhanced control over polymer synthesis. These innovations expand monomer scope and improve material properties for advanced applications.

Keywords:
catalysiscationic RAFT polymerizationliving cationic polymerizationphotocontrolled polymerizationvinyl ethers

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Organic Synthesis

Background:

  • Conventional living cationic polymerization (LCP) enables synthesis of well-defined polymers.
  • Increasing demands in advanced material engineering necessitate innovative synthetic methods.
  • Existing LCP methods have limitations in control, monomer scope, and reaction conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent advancements in living cationic polymerization (LCP).
  • To highlight emerging initiation and controlling systems for LCP.
  • To provide insights for developing new LCP applications in academia and industry.

Main Methods:

  • Review of emerging initiation/controlling systems in LCP.
  • Discussion of chemical-initiated/controlled cationic reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization.
  • Exploration of photoinitiated, electrochemical-controlled, thionyl/selenium halide-initiated, organic acid-assisted, and stereoselective LCP.

Main Results:

  • Novel systems offer spatiotemporal control in LCP.
  • Broadened scope of monomers and terminal groups are now achievable.
  • User-friendly operations and improved thermomechanical properties of polymers are reported.

Conclusions:

  • Emerging initiation/controlling systems significantly advance LCP capabilities.
  • These innovations facilitate the creation of advanced polymeric materials.
  • The reviewed methods promise to drive future developments in LCP research and industrial applications.